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["Author","Title","Pub.Date","Pub.Type","Ref.Type","DOI","Location","Lat","Long","Article.topic","Sub-topic","Climate Zone","Cover Crop","Destruction Method","Destruction Method Timing","Comparator","Following Crop Establishment","Treatment.cat","Treatment(s)","Control","Measured.outcome","Soil Type","Farm.Sys","Study Design","Study Period (Years)","Replication","Scale","Author reported effect","Measured.outcome description","Notes"]
["Blanco-Canqui H ; Wilke K ; Holman J ; Creech CF ; Obour AK ; Anderson L ;","Grazing cover crops: How does it influence soils and crops?","1905-07-15","Journal","Review","10.1002/agj2.21475","Multiple Countries","NA","NA","Destruction Method","Grazing influence","NA","Multiple Crops","Grazing","NA","NA","NA","DM Only","Grazing","NA","CC biomass removed; Soil properties; Following crop yield","NA","Not described","Review","NA","Review","Global","18-92% CC biomass removed; Increase soil bulk density & penetration resistance (54% cases); small & mixed effects on soil C conc. Wet aggregate stability, water infiltration, water retention & soil microbial biomass; Did not affect following crop yield (61% of cases).","NA","NA"]
["Creamer NG ; Dabney SM ;","Killing cover crops mechanically: review of recent literature and assessment of new research results.",2002,"Journal","Review",null,"Multiple Countries","NA","NA","Destruction Method, Weed Burden","Mechanical destruction methods","NA","Multiple Crops","Mowing, Rolling, Roll-chopping, Undercutting, Rototilling","NA","Multiple DM comparison","NA","DM Only, DM vs DM","Mowing, Rolling, Roll-chopping, Undercutting and partial rototilling","Other DM Methods","Killing level and reoccurance","NA","Not described","Review","NA","Review","Global","Rye/vetch cover crop = 100% by mowing; >90% roll-chopping; summer cover crop: undercutting = >95% kill for 5/6 broadleaf speces and 2/5 grass species, 6/6; Mowing = 6/6 broadleaf but regrowth occurred in 3/5 grass species; Rolling = not effective against most species with the exception of nearly mature German foxtail millet, mature Japanses millet and mature buckwheat","NA","NA"]
["Herremans S ; Régibeau C ; De Toffoli M ; Jamar D ; Daniaux C ; Huyghebaert B ;","Impacts of catch crops grazed by sheep: a review",2021,"Journal","Review",null,"Multiple Countries","NA","NA","Destruction Method","Grazing influence","NA","Multiple Crops","Grazing","NA","NA","Little to no effect on the following crop","DM Only","Grazing","NA","Impacts on agronomic system","NA","Not described","Review","NA","Review","Global","Positive effects on health and growth of grazing animals. Soil compaction sometimes observed. Little to no effect on following crop and the environment. Beneficial from an economic view point.","NA","NA"]
["Kim N ; Zabaloy MC ; Guan KY ; Villamil MB ;","Do cover crops benefit soil microbiome? A meta-analysis of current research",2020,"Journal","Meta-analysis","10.1016/j.soilbio.2019.107701","Multiple Countries","NA","NA","Destruction Method","Termination","NA","Multiple Crops","Chemical","NA","NA","NA","DM vs Control","Chemical termination","NA","Soil microbiome","NA","Not described","Review","NA","Review","Global","CC effects were less pronounced under conditions like chemical cover crop termination. ","CC effects lessened by chemical killing","NA"]
["Tully Katherine L; McAskill Cullen ;","Promoting soil health in organically managed systems: a review.",2020,"Journal","Review","10.1007/s13165-019-00275-1","Multiple Countries","NA","NA","Destruction Method","Termination","NA","Multiple Crops","Rolling, Disking","NA","Rolling, Disking","NA","DM vs DM","Roll-killed, Disking","NA","Weed suppression","NA","Organic","Review","NA","Review","Global","Roll-killed CC suppressed weeds better than disking","Weed suppression (roll-killed>disking)","NA"]
["Acharya J ; Bakker MG ; Moorman TB ; Kaspar TC ; Lenssen AW ; Robertson AE ;","Time Interval Between Cover Crop Termination and Planting Influences Corn Seedling Disease, Plant Growth, and Yield",2017,"Journal","Article","10.1094/PDIS-07-16-0975-RE","USA (Northern States)",40.704000000000001,-89.578999999999994,"Destruction Method","Time interval","Dfa","Winter Rye","Not Mentioned","25 days before planting corn to 2 days after planting","Timing comparison","Shorter intervals reduced corn emergence","DM Only","Termination intervals","NA","Plant growth","NA","Not described","Monitoring",2,"CI","Field","A 10- to 14- dat interval between rye termination and corn planting should be followed to improve emergence and yield.","10-14 days before corn sowing termination","NA"]
["Askew MC ; Cahoon CW ; Flessner ML ; VanGessel MJ ; Langston DB ; Ferebee JH ;","Chemical termination of cover crop rapeseed",2019,"Journal","Article","10.1017/wet.2019.50","USA (Northern States)","NA","NA","Destruction Method","Chemical termination","Cfa/Cfb","Oilseed Rape","Chemical","Early & Late","No DM Control","NA","DM Only","14 herbicides","NA","Terminating efficiency","NA","Not described","Manipulative",1,"CI","Plot","glyphosate + 2,4-D was most effective, controlling rapeseed 96% 28 d after early termination (DAET). Paraquat + atrazine + mesotrione (92%), glyphosate + saflufenacil (91%), glyphosate + dicamba (91%), and glyphosate (86%) all provided at least 80% control 28 DAET. Paraquat + 2,4-D (85%), glyphosate + 2,4-D (82%), and paraquat + atrazine + mesotrione (81%) were the only treatments that provided at least 80% control 28 d after late termination (DALT)","No Herbicide treatment >80% on early or late termination","Herbicide temination best when plant is small"]
["Bloszies SA ; Reberg-Horton SC ; Heitman JL ; Woodley AL ; Grossman JM ; Hu SJ ;","Impact of Rye Cover Crop Termination Timing on Cover Crop Biomass, Weed Suppression and Corn Yield",2023,"Journal","Article",null,"USA (Northern States)",35.78,-78.638000000000005,"Biomass Breakdown","Termination Timing","Cfa/Cfb","Winter Rye","Chemical","Early (2-4 weeks); Late (3-7 days); Post-planting (0-3 days)","Timing comparison","NA","DM vs DM","Glyphosate (3 different timings)","No CC Fallow","CC biomass","NA","Not described","Monitoring",2,"CI","Plot","Post-planting termination had the highest CC biomass accumulation, whereas early termination had the lowest CC biomass in both years.","Post planting termination = highest CC biomass","NA"]
["Böldt M ; Taube F ; Vogeler I ; Reinsch T ; Kluss C ; Loges R ;","Evaluating Different Catch Crop Strategies for Closing the Nitrogen Cycle in Cropping Systems-Field Experiments and Modelling",2021,"Journal","Article","10.3390/su13010394","Germany",55.03,8.24,"Destruction Method","Frost termination","Temperate","Not Mentioned","Frost","NA","No DM Control","NA","DM Only","Frost-killed","Frost tolerant","Leaching","NA","Not described","Monitoring",2,"CI","Field","All CC reduced N leaching, but risk of increased leaching following mineralisation of residues from frost-killed CC.","Increase N leaching risk from frost-killed","NA"]
["Brackenridge HL ; Bae J ; Simard MJ ; Tardif FJ ; Bosveld K ; Nurse RE ;","Investigation of management practices to optimize cereal rye cover crop-based weed mitigation in Canadian sweet corn production",2024,"Journal","Article","10.1017/wet.2024.19","Canada","NA","NA","Destruction Method","Rye cultivars","Multiple","Winter Rye","Roller-crimped","NA","No DM Control","NA","DM vs Control","Early maturity Rye","Standard maturity Rye","Weed control","NA","Not described","Manipulative",3,"CI","Field","Overall, the cultivars tested (and seeding rates), roller-crimped rye is not a suitable stand-along weed control option for sweet corn production.","Roller-crimped not suitable weed control","NA"]
["Brackenridge HL ; Tardif FJ ; Bosveld K ; Nurse RE ;","The effects of roller crimping direction for termination of fall sown cereal rye (<i> Secale</i> cereale L.)",2024,"Journal","Article","10.1139/cjps-2023-0184","Canada","NA","NA","Destruction Method","Roller crimping direction","Multiple","Winter Rye","Roller-crimped","NA","No DM Control","NA","DM vs Control","DM orientation","No Rye control","Terminating efficiency","NA","Not described","Manipulative",2,"CI","Plot","Roller crimping direction did not have a consistent effect on rye mortality or number of upright tillers.","Roller-crimping direction no effect on termination","NA"]
["Breland TA ; ","Phytotoxic effects of fresh and decomposing cover crop residues.",1996,"Journal","Article",null,"Norway",60.472000000000001,8.4689999999999994,"Destruction Method","Phyotoxic effects","Temperate","Italian Ryegrass, White Clover","Chemical, Rototilling","NA","No DM Control","Ryegrass terminated by spring rotary tillage reduced germination","DM vs Control, DM vs DM","Autumn rotary tillage, autumn ploughing, no tillage with herbicide, spring rotary tillage","No CC","Germination","NA","Not described","Monitoring",1,"CI","Field","Ryegrass incorporated by spring rotary tillage reduced radish germination by 45%. Other treatments little to no effect.  ","Rototilling reduced radish germination","NA"]
["Carrera LM ; Abdul-Baki AA ; Teasdale JR ; ","Cover crop management and weed suppression in no-tillage sweet corn production",2004,"Journal","Article","10.21273/HORTSCI.39.6.1262","USA (Northern States)",39.034999999999997,76.908000000000001,"Destruction Method","Termination","Cfa/Cfb","Hairy Vetch, Winter Rye, Mixtures","Mowing, Rolling, Chemical","NA","Multiple DM comparison","23% reduction in sweet corn plant population in rye-vetch mix compared to bare soil","DM vs DM, DM vs Control","Mowing, Rolling and Hebicide (paraquet)","Bare Soil","Following crop yield","NA","Not described","Monitoring",2,"CI","Field","No significant effects of kill method or interactions between kill method and CC on yield. CC also reduced weed biomass compared to bare soil.","All methods as effective as each other","NA"]
["Clark Andrew J; Decker A Morris; Meisinger John J; ","Seeding Rate and Kill Date Effects on Hairy Vetch-Cereal Rye Cover Crop Mixtures for Corn Production",1994,"Journal","Article","https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj1994.00021962008600060025x","USA (Northern States)",39.045999999999999,-76.641000000000005,"Destruction Method","Termination Timing","Cfb","Hairy Vetch, Winter Rye","Not Mentioned","Early & Late","No DM Control","NA","DM vs Control","Early Kill and Late Kill","No CC","Following crop yield; N content","NA","Not described","Manipulative",1,"CI","Field","Corn grain yields were significantly higher following late-killed covers (160% Piedmont, 83% Coastal Plain). Highest yield following vetch, rye lowest, mixtures inbetween. ","Late termination increased following crop yield and N content","NA"]
["Clark Andrew J; Decker A Morris; Meisinger John J; Mulford F Ronald; McIntosh Marla S; ","Hairy Vetch Kill Date Effects on Soil Water and Corn Production",1995,"Journal","Article","https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj1995.00021962008700030031x","USA (Northern States)",39.045999999999999,-76.641000000000005,"Destruction Method","Termination Timing","Cfb","Hairy Vetch","Not Mentioned","Early April, Late April or Mid-May","Timing comparison","NA","DM Only","Early, Mid and Late Kill","Timing","Following crop yield; Soil water","NA","Not described","Manipulative",1,"CI","Field","Optimal N production and water conservation occurred when vetch was killed late April. Early kill vetch sacrificed N production and minimised soil water conservation, resulting in reduced corn yields. Late kill did not add significant N benefits, but could deplete soil water or interfere with timely corn planting","Mid kill optimum for N production & water conservation","NA"]
["Clark Andrew J; Decker Alvin M; Meisinger John J; McIntosh Marla S; ","Kill Date of Vetch, Rye, and a Vetch–Rye Mixture: I. Cover Crop and Corn Nitrogen",1997,"Journal","Article","https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj1997.00021962008900030010x","USA (Northern States)",39.045999999999999,-76.641000000000005,"Destruction Method","Termination Timing","Cfb","Hairy Vetch, Winter Rye, Mixture","Not Mentioned","Early April, Late April or Mid-May","Timing comparison","NA","DM vs Control","Early, Mid and Late Kill","No CC","Corn N Content","NA","Not described","Manipulative",2,"CI","Field","This demonstrates that cover crop species and kill date can be managed to conserve N with rye, supply N for the next crop with vetch, or provide both N conservation and N supply with a vetch-rye mixture","Late termination increase CC bomass and N content","Mixture best at N conservation & supply"]
["Clark AJ ; Decker AM ; Meisinger JJ ; McIntosh MS ; ","Kill date of vetch, rye, and a vetch-rye mixture .2. Soil moisture and corn yield",1997,"Journal","Article","10.2134/agronj1997.00021962008900030011x","USA (Northern States)",39.045999999999999,-76.641000000000005,"Destruction Method","Termination Timing","Cfb","Hairy Vetch, Winter Rye, Mixture","Not Mentioned","Early April, Late April or Mid-May","Timing comparison","NA","DM vs Control","Early, Mid and Late Kill","No CC","Following crop yield; Soil moisture","NA","Not described","Manipulative",2,"CI","Field","Late April or early May kill dates consistently resulted in greater corn yield than earlier kill dates, probably due to differences in N availability and moisture conservation. Cover crops killed late did not deplete surface soil moisture.","Mid to late kill improved yield; Late kill did not improve soil moisture","NA"]
["Constantin J ; Le Bas C ; Justes E ; ","Large-scale assessment of optimal emergence and destruction dates for cover crops to reduce nitrate leaching in temperate conditions using the STICS soil-crop model",2015,"Journal","Article","10.1016/j.eja.2015.06.002","France",46.228000000000002,2.214,"Destruction Method","Termination Timing","Cfb","Mustard, Ryegrass, Common Vetch","Not Mentioned","Range (simulation)","Timing comparison","NA","DM vs Control","Termination timing","No CC","Optimal destruction dates","NA","Not described","Simulation",20,"Simulation","National","Optimal destruction dates frequently between October and Decemeber","Autumn destruction dates optimal","NA"]
["Coombs C ; Lauzon JD ; Deen B ; Van Eerd LL ; ","Legume cover crop management on nitrogen dynamics and yield in grain corn systems",2017,"Journal","Article","10.1016/j.fcr.2016.11.001","Canada",56.13,-106.34699999999999,"Destruction Method","Termination Timing","Temperate","Red Clover, Crimson Clover, Alfalfa","Not Mentioned","Fall and Spring termination","Timing comparison","NA","DM vs Control","Termination timing","No CC","Following crop yield; N dynamics","NA","Not described","Manipulative",2,"CI","Field","Red clover or alfalfa sown at 6.7 kg ha(-1) with spring termination is recommended to maximize N availability to subsequent corn crop. These observed effects were related to aboveground cover crop growth of alfalfa >= redclover > > crimson clover but only alfalfa and red clover had a positive impact on corn yield in one of two years.","Spring termination maximises N availability; Alfalfa & Red Clover positive impact on following crop yield","Cost analysis associated with legume cover crop needed"]
["Creamer NG ; Plassman B ; Bennett MA ; Wood RK ; Stinner BR ; Cardina J ; ","A method for mechanically killing cover crops to optimize weed suppression.",1995,"Journal","Article","10.1017/S0889189300006408","NA","NA","NA","Destruction Method","Undercutter","NA","Winter Rye, Hairy Vetch, Crimson Clover, Barley, Bigflower Vetch, Subterranean Clover","Flail Mowing, Sicklebar Mowing, Undercutting","NA","Multiple DM comparison","NA","DM vs Control","Flail Mowing, Sicklebar Mowing, Undercutting","Clean tilled","Weed suppression","NA","Not described","Monitoring","NA","CI","Plot","There were no differences in dry weights of broadleaved weeds between the undercut and simulated sicklebar mowed treatments, both of which had less weed biomass than the clean-tilled or flail-mowed plots.","Undercut and sicklebar mowed had greater weed supporession","Chemical killing not compared"]
["Dhakal M ; Rui YC ; Benson AR ; Hinson PO ; Delate K ; Afshar RK ; Luck B ; Smith A ; ","Cover crop management strategies affect weeds and profitability of organic no-till soybean",2024,"Journal","Article","10.1017/S1742170523000522","USA (Northern States)",40.517000000000003,-75.777000000000001,"Destruction Method, Weed Burden","Termination","Cfa/Cfb","Winter Rye","Roller-crimped, Rolling, Mowing, Plow-cultivate","NA","Multiple DM comparison","NA","DM vs Control","Roller-crimper, Roller, Mow-ted","Tilled","Cover crop regrowth; Weed biomass; Following crop yield","NA","Organic","Manipulative",3,"CI","Plot","In one year September Rye planting accumulated more CC biomass than October planting, but regrowth of rye after roller-crimping was greater with this planting date. CC planting date showed varied affects on soybean yield. Roller and roller-crimper effect in terminating CCs.","Terminating cereal rye with roller-crimping technology can be positive investment in an organic soybean system; Rye had greater regrowth in September planting when terminated by roller-crimper","NA"]
["Dorn B ; Stadler M ; van der Heijden M ; Streit B ; ","Regulation of cover crops and weeds using a roll-chopper for herbicide reduction in no-tillage winter wheat",2013,"Journal","Article","10.1016/j.still.2013.07.014","Switzerland",46.817999999999998,8.2279999999999998,"Destruction Method","Termination","Temperate","Oilseed Radish, White Mustard, Blue Lupine, Common Vetch, Oat, Buckwheat, Phacelia, Mixture, Amaranth","Roll-chopping","NA","Herbicide","NA","DM vs Control","Roll-chopper","Chemical","Soil coverage of weeds","NA","Not described","Monitoring",2,"CI","Field","First year of study soil coverage of weeds was about 60x lower in glyphosate compared to roll-chopper, second year 9x. Roll-chopping cover crops as stand alone regulation to reduce weeds would not be sufficient.","Roll-chopping as stand alone regulation tool for weed suppression not sufficient. As part of integrated strategies could play a roll","NA"]
["Eivazi F ; Pinero J ; Dolan-Timpe M ; Doggett W ; ","Comparison of cover crop termination methods for small-scale organic vegetable production: effect on soil fertility and health",2024,"Journal","Article","10.1080/01904167.2024.2308196","NA","NA","NA","Destruction Method","Termination","NA","Mixture","Roller-crimped, Flail Mowing, Sicklebar Mowing, Rotary Mowing, Occultation using black tarp","NA","Multiple DM comparison","NA","DM vs DM","DM","DM","Soil fetility & health","NA","Not described","Manipulative",3,"CI","Field","Flail mowing significantly enhanced potentially mineralisable N, available P and active C. Total Phospholipid Fatty Acid anaylsis showed a 24% incread for flai mowed, 17% rotary mower & 15% sickle bar mowed. Active C content 38.9% rotary mowed, 225.4% sickle bar mowed, 23.5% flail mowed, 16.4% crimper rolled & 2.8% occultation.","Flail mowing appreaed to be a good method for managing CC in terms of soil microbial functionalty and fertility","Fall-grown CC"]
["Franzluebbers AJ ; Stuedemann JA ; ","Does grazing of cover crops impact biologically active soil carbon and nitrogen fractions under inversion or no tillage management?",2015,"Journal","Article","10.2489/jswc.70.6.365","NA","NA","NA","Destruction Method","Termination","NA","Not Mentioned","Grazing","NA","No DM Control","NA","DM vs Control","Grazing","No Grazing","Soil organic matter","NA","Not described","Monitoring",7,"CI","Field","Soil microbial C was unaffected by CC management under conventional tillage, but was enhanced with grazing compared with no grazing under no tillage. ","Grazing as CC management good in no-till systems","NA"]
["Frasconi C ; Martelloni L ; Antichi D ; Raffaelli M ; Fontanelli M ; Peruzzi A ; Benincasa P ; Tosti G ; ","Combining roller crimpers and flaming for the termination of cover crops in herbicide-free no-till cropping systems",2019,"Journal","Article","10.1371/journal.pone.0211573","NA","NA","NA","Destruction Method","Termination","NA","Winter Pea, Barley","Roller-crimped, Flaming","NA","Multiple DM comparison","NA","DM vs DM","Roller-crimper with Flamin","Roller-crimper only","Percentage green cover of CC","NA","Conventional","Monitoring","NA","CI","Field","Irrespective of roller type, flaming significantly boosted effect of roller crimpers. Economic threshold for CC suppression of 85% was reached only when rollers used in combination with flaming. No methods reached 100% suppression.  ","Flaming can be used as effective tool to improve effectiveness of roller crimpers.","High operational cost; Fall-sown CC"]
["Grand A ; Blankenhorn B ; Surböck A ; Gollner G ; ","The roller-crimper method: regenerative organic no-till from a practitioners’ perspective.",2019,"Journal","Article",null,"Austria",47.515999999999998,14.55,"Destruction Method","Termination","Temperate","Not Mentioned","Roller-crimped","NA","Roller-crimped","NA","DM Only","Roller-crimper","NA","DM Demonstration","NA","Not described","Monitoring","NA","None","Field","Key advantages: reduced machinery, fossil energy and labor required (2 instead of 8-9 field passes), potential C sequestration. Better soil-structure and soil aggregate stability enables higher water infiltration rate. Even if yield in roller-crimper treatment was lower, reduced workload compensated for yield loss.","Roller-crimper beneficial with no-till systems","NA"]
["","Grazing and Harvesting",2021,"Journal","Book - Chapter","https://doi.org/10.1002/9780891186403.ch13","NA","NA","NA","Destruction Method","Termination","NA","Not Mentioned","Grazing","NA","Grazing","NA","DM Only","Grazing","NA","Soil ecosytem serviecs","NA","Not described","Review","NA","Review","Global","Research indicates grazing does not generally reduce subsequent crop yields. Site-specific factors that can affect impacts on soil properties include CC biomass removal, stocking rate, years under grazing and soil water content.","Grazing CC could be viable to farming systems","NA"]
["Hefner M ; Gebremikael MT ; Canali S ; Serra FXS ; Petersen KK ; Sorensen JN ; De Neve S ; Labouriau R ; Kristensen HL ; ","Cover crop composition mediates the constraints and benefits of roller-crimping and incorporation in organic white cabbage production",2020,"Journal","Article","10.1016/j.agee.2020.106908","Denmark",56.264000000000003,9.5020000000000007,"Destruction Method","Termination","Temperate","Faba Bean, Winter Rye, Hairy Vetch","Roller-crimped, Mowing","NA","Roller-crimped","Roller-crimping reduced white cabbage biomass by 31% & 19%","DM vs DM","Roller-crimper w/ no-till","Full incorporation by tillage of Mowed CC","Following crop yield","Sandy Loam","Organic","Monitoring",2,"CI","Field","Cabbage yield was 100% (2016) and 24% (2017) lower under RC than FI. White cabbage root growth was reduced by RC following pea/rye. RC still had the advantage of reducing weed growth by 63% compared with FI and decreasing N leaching risk. Marketable yield was 35% higher following legumes compared to legume/rye in both temination systems. ","Although RC showed benefits of weed suppression and reducing N leaching risk, trade-off with yield losses could create barrier","Pure legume mix would be better"]
["Hefner M ; Canali S ; Willekens K ; Lootens P ; Deltour P ; Beeckman A ; Arlotti D ; Tamm K ; Bender I ; Labouriau R ; Kristensen HL ; ","Termination method and time of agro-ecological service crops influence soil mineral nitrogen, cabbage yield and root growth across five locations in Northern and Western Europe",2020,"Journal","Article","10.1016/j.eja.2020.126144","Estonia, Denmark, Belgium","NA","NA","Destruction Method","Termination & Termination Timing","Temperate","Peas, Mixture, Cereal","Roller-crimped","NA","Roller-crimped","NA","DM vs Control","Roller-crimper","Full Incorportation & Bare soil","Following crop yield; N content; Crop root growth","NA","Not described","Monitoring",2,"CI","Field","Overall, cabbage yields were reduced by 68-100% under RC compared to BS and FI and reduced soil mineral N. ","RC had yields reductions in first and second year from spring tillage","NA"]
["Keene CL ; Curran WS ; Wallace JM ; Ryan MR ; Mirsky SB ; VanGessel MJ ; Barbercheck ME ; ","Cover Crop Termination Timing is Critical in Organic Rotational No-Till Systems",2017,"Journal","Article","10.2134/agronj2016.05.0266","USA (Northern States)","NA","NA","Destruction Method, Weed Burden","Termination Timing","Cfa/Cfb","Hairy Vetch, Triticale, Winter Rye","Roller-crimped","Early, Intermediate or Late","Roller-crimped","NA","DM Only","Roller-crimper","Timing","CC biomass & regrowth","NA","Organic","Monitoring","NA","CI","Regional","All CC biomass production exceeded 5000 kg ha-1 by late termination. Hairy vetch regrowth/ volunteer in subsequent crops were lowere in late compared to early termination. Cereal rye biomass increased as termination was delayed, optimal termination intermediate. Rolling cereal tye early results in tillering and seed productioon whereas late allowed kernals to mature. ","Minimising CC seed production with strategic termination is critical in rotational no-till","NA"]
["Kornecki TS ; ","Powered roller/crimper for walk-behind tractors to terminate cover crops in conservation agriculture.",2012,"Journal","Article",null,"NA","NA","NA","Destruction Method","Termination","NA","Winter Rye","Roller-crimped","NA","Roller-crimped","NA","DM Only","Powered roller-crimper","NA","Termination rates","NA","Conservation","Monitoring",2,"CI","Field","Average termination rate over two growing seasons were 78%, 87.4% and 96.2% for 7, 14 and 21 days after rolling. ","Rye successfully terminated by powered roller/crimper","NA"]
["Kumar V ; Singh V ; Flessner M ; Reiter MS ; Kuhar T ; Mirsky S ; ","Volunteer rapeseed infestation and management in corn",2023,"Journal","Article","10.1002/agj2.21476","NA","NA","NA","Destruction Method, Weed Burden","Termination Timing","NA","Oilseed Rape","Roller-crimped, Herbicide","28, 15, 5 and 1 days before planting Corn","Timing comparison","NA","DM Only","Roller-crimper, herbicide","Timing","Biomass production, termination efficiency and volunteer infestation","NA","Not described","Manipulative","NA","CI","Field","Delaying termination from 28 days to 14, 5 or 1 increase rapeseed biomass by 85%, 148% and 158% respectively. Rapeseed termination efficiency was greatest at 28 DBP (99%), followed by 14 (92%) and 5 (89%) with combined roller crimper and herbicide. Roller crimper alone only 56% termination efficiency. Zero volunteers at 28DBP, but 5, 12 and 22 m2 for 14, 5 and 1DBP respectively.","Ineffective or delayed termination of rapesee can result in volunteer infestation in successive crops, increased biomass accumulation. Roller-crimper alone is not effective for rapessed termination. However, selected pre- and post-emergence herbicides can be.","NA"]
["Kumar V ; Singh V ; Flessner ML ; Haymaker J ; Reiter MS ; Mirsky SB ; ","Cover crop termination options and application of remote sensing for evaluating termination efficiency",2023,"Journal","Article","10.1371/journal.pone.0284529","NA","NA","NA","Destruction Method","Termination","NA","Winter Rye, Hairy Vetch, Oilseed Rape, Wheat","Herbicide, Roller-crimped","NA","Multiple DM comparison","NA","DM vs DM","Multiple Herbicides, Roller-crimper","NA","Terminating efficiency","NA","Not described","Monitoring","NA","CI","Plot","Among herbicides used, glyphosate, glyphosate+. Glifosinate, paraquat and paraquat + metribuzin provided more than 95% termination for both wheat and cereal rye 28 days after treatment. For hairy vetch, 2,4-d + glufosinate and glyphosate + glufosinate results in 99 and 98% followed by 2,4-D + glyphosate 92%. No herbicide provide more than 90% termination or rapeseed, highest control by paraquat (85%), 2,4-D + glufosinate (85%) and 2,4-D + glyphosate (85%). Roller-crimping alone did not provide effective termination of any CC 41, 61, 49 and 43% (wheat, cereal rye, hairy vetch, rapessed).","Study highlighted the need for tankmixing 2,4-D or glufosinate with glyphosate for temination instead of blanker application of glyphosate alone","NA"]
["Labreuche J ; Bodilis AM ; ","Sensitivity of cover crops to frost and to mechanical destruction methods.",2010,"Journal","Article",null,"France",48.335000000000001,2.371,"Destruction Method","Termination","Temperate","Not Mentioned","Frost, Rolling","NA","NA","NA","DM Only","Rolling/ Frost","NA","Termination sensitivity","NA","Not described","Monitoring","NA","None","Field","Experimental network showed different sensitivities of CC species to frost. With some species, the more developed the CC the more sensitive to destruction by frost. Rolling somes species by negative temperatures is efficient, especially on species relatively sensitive to frost.","Frost as a killing method can be effective crop dependent","NA"]
["Liebman AM ; Grossman J ; Brown M ; Wells MS ; Reberg-Horton SC ; Shi W ; ","Legume Cover Crops and Tillage Impact Nitrogen Dynamics in Organic Corn Production",2018,"Journal","Article","10.2134/agronj2017.08.0474","NA","NA","NA","Destruction Method","Termination","NA","Winter Pea, Hairy Vetch, Balansa Clover, Crimson Clover","Roller-crimped, Flail Mowing, Disking, Herbicide","NA","Multiple DM comparison","NA","DM vs DM","DM","DM","CC biomass, N dynamics","NA","Not described","Manipulative","NA","CI","Field","N available for winter pea and hairy vetch across temination methods. Disked hairy vetch contributed highest levels of N across all 16 cropping by termination combinations. ","CC species selection more impotant than termination method for N dynamics","Winter CC"]
["Marshall CB ; Lynch DH ; ","No-Till Green Manure Termination Influences Soil Organic Carbon Distribution and Dynamics",2018,"Journal","Article","10.2134/agronj2018.01.0063","Canada",45.365000000000002,-63.277000000000001,"Destruction Method","Termination","Cfa/Cfb","Hairy Vetch, Oat","Rolling, Tillage","Spring and Fall tillage","Multiple DM comparison","NA","DM vs DM","DM","DM","SOC dynamics","NA","Not described","Monitoring",3,"CI","Field","SOC monited for 3 year after termination. Total OC greater under no-till crop roller termination compared to fall and spring termination and significant for 3 years after. Overall SOC higher under no-till green manure termination.","No-till crop roller effective for C dynamics","NA"]
["McKenzie SC ; Goosey HB ; O'Neill KM ; Menalled FD ; ","Impact of integrated sheep grazing for cover crop termination on weed and ground beetle (Coleoptera:Carabidae) communities",2016,"Journal","Article","10.1016/j.agee.2015.11.018","NA","NA","NA","Destruction Method","Termination","NA","Buckwheat, Sweet Clover, Peas, Beets","Grazing, Mowing","NA","Multiple DM comparison","NA","DM vs DM","Grazing","Mowing","Weed and Carabid density","NA","Not described","Monitoring","NA","CI","Plot","Overall weed diversity, species richness and biomass did not differ between grazed and mowed plots or in cash crop following termination. Carabid diversity, species richness and activity density did not differ between grazed and mowed plots. ","Results suggest that grazing and mowing act as similar ecological filters for weeds and carabids","NA"]
["McKenzie SC ; Goosey HB ; O'Neill KM ; Menalled FD ; ","Integration of sheep grazing for cover crop termination into market gardens: Agronomic consequences of an ecologically based management strategy",2017,"Journal","Article","10.1017/S1742170516000326","NA","NA","NA","Destruction Method","Termination","NA","Buckwheat, Sweet Clover, Peas, Beets","Grazing, Mowing","NA","Multiple DM comparison","NA","DM vs DM","Grazing","Mowing","Soil quality indicators, termination efficiency","NA","Not described","Manipulative",3,"CI","Plot","Compared with mowing, grazing did not affect soil chemistry, temperature or moisture. Grazing removed more CC biomass than mowing at termination. ","Integrating sheep grazing into market vegetable garden operations could make CC more economically viable","NA"]
["Meyer N ; Bergez JE ; Justes E ; Constantin J ; ","Influence of cover crop on water and nitrogen balances and cash crop yield in a temperate climate: A modelling approach using the STICS soil-crop model",2022,"Journal","Article","10.1016/j.eja.2021.126416","France",43.612000000000002,3.8769999999999998,"Destruction Method","Termination Timing","Temperate","Not Mentioned","Not Mentioned","Early & Late","Timing comparison","NA","NA","Termination timing","Timing","Water and N balances and crop yield","NA","Not described","Simulation",25,"Simulation","National","While cover crops decreased N leaching, they decreased drainage and could induce N stress in succeeding crop, particularly in dry regions. Adapting termination date to local climate could decrease of avoid negative effects.","NA","NA"]
["Mirsky SB ; Curran WS ; Mortensen DM ; Ryan MR ; Shumway DL ; ","Timing of Cover-Crop Management Effects on Weed Suppression in No-Till Planted Soybean using a Roller-Crimper",2011,"Journal","Article","10.1614/WS-D-10-00101.1","NA","NA","NA","Destruction Method","Termination & Termination Timing","NA","Winter Rye, Mixture","Herbicide, Roller-crimped","Early & Late","Timing comparison","NA","NA","Termination timing","Timing","Weed suppression","NA","Not described","Monitoring","NA","CI","Field","Delaying CC termination reduced weed density.","NA","NA"]
["Mischler RA ; Curran WS ; Duiker SW ; Hyde JA ; ","Use of a Rolled-rye Cover Crop for Weed Suppression in No-Till Soybeans",2010,"Journal","Article","10.2134/agronj2009.0183","USA (Northern States)",41.203000000000003,-77.194999999999993,"Destruction Method","Termination Timing","Cfa/Cfb","Hairy Vetch","Roller-crimped","Four dates between late May and late June","Timing comparison","NA","DM vs Control","Roller-crimper","No CC","CC control, weed density","NA","Organic","Monitoring","NA","CI","Plot","Hairy vetch control with roller-crimper varied through flowering stage and was consistent afer early pod set. Reduced weed density by at least 50%. Total weed biomass reduced 31, 93 and 94% in different site-years compared to no-cover plots. ","Study shows possible to kill hairy vetch with roller-crimper and provide weed control for organic corn but with production risks","NA"]
["Navarro-Miró David ; Blanco-Moreno José M; Ciaccia Corrado ; Testani Elena ; Iocola Ileana ; Depalo Laura ; Burgio Giovanni ; Kristensen Hanne Lakkenborg ; Hefner Margita ; Tamm Kalvi ; Bender Ingrid ; Persiani Alessandro ; Diacono Mariangela ; Montemurro Francesco ; Willekens Koen ; Védie Hélène ; Bavec Martina ; Robačer Martina ; Arlotti Donatienne ; Deltour Pauline ; De Neve Stefaan ; Gebremikael Mesfin Tsegaye; Chamorro Lourdes ; Caballero-López Berta ; Pérez-Ferrer Alejandro ; Canali Stefano ; Sans Francesc Xavier; ","The concurrent assessment of agronomic, ecological and environmental variables enables better choice of agroecological service crop termination management",2022,"Journal","Article","https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2664.14112","Multiple Countries","NA","NA","Destruction Method","Termination","NA","Not Mentioned","Roller-crimped, Tillage","NA","Roller-crimped","NA","DM vs Control","Roller-crimper","Tillage","Agronomic, ecological and environmental","NA","Not described","NA",2,"CI","Field","No-till roller crimper can enhance activity density of ground and rove beetles and improves potential energy recylcing and weed control. However, lower cash crop yield and quality.","No-till roller crimping promising for agronomic performance, reducing environmental and ecological impacts. ","Need agronomic and enviromental improvements"]
["Nord EA ; Curran WS ; Mortensen DA ; Mirsky SB ; Jones BP ; ","Integrating Multiple Tactics for Managing Weeds in High Residue No-Till Soybean",2011,"Journal","Article","10.2134/agronj2011.0024","NA","NA","NA","Destruction Method","Termination Timing","NA","Winter Rye","Rolling","Two dates in fall and five in spring","Herbicide, Rolling","Soybean stand establishment impacted by high CC biomass and changing edaphic conditions at planting","DM Only","Herbicide; Roller-crimper","Timing","CC biomass","NA","Not described","Monitoring",1,"CI","Field","Spring termination more strongly affected cereal rye biomass. Further research should focus on improved technology for direct seeding in high residue environments.","Spring termination more strongly affected CC biomass","NA"]
["Nord EA ; Ryan MR ; Curran WS ; Mortensen DA ; Mirsky SB ; ","Effects of Management Type and Timing on Weed Suppression in Soybean No-Till Planted into Rolled-Crimped Cereal Rye",2012,"Journal","Article","10.1614/WS-D-12-00024.1","NA","NA","NA","Destruction Method","Termination Timing","NA","Winter Rye","Roller-crimped, Herbicide","Early & Late","Herbicide, Rolling","NA","DM Only","Herbicide; Roller-crimper","Timing","Weed biomass","NA","Organic","Monitoring",1,"CI","Field","Supplemental control with glyphosate in Roller-crimper and herbicide resulted in less weed biomass and a more even community composition than roller-crimper alone. Earlier management reduced weed biomass in roller-crimper alone but increase weed biomass in roller-crimper with herbicide. ","Early termination reduced weed biomass in roller-crimper and increased in herbicide with roller-crimper","NA"]
["Olofsson F ; Ernfors M ; ","Frost killed cover crops induced high emissions of nitrous oxide",2022,"Journal","Article","10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155634","Sweden",60.128,18.643999999999998,"Destruction Method","Termination","Temperate","Oilseed Radish, Phacelia, Oat","Frost","NA","Frost","NA","DM Only","Frost-killed","NA","Nitrous Oxide emissions","NA","Organic","Monitoring",1,"CI","Field","All three cover crops sensitive to frost. All increased nitrous oxide emissions relative to controls by 1.8, 0.7 and 0.6 kg N2O-N ha-1 for oilseed radish, phacelia and oats. ","All three crops can be frost killed but release more NO2","NA"]
["Parr M ; Grossman JM ; Reberg-Horton SC ; Brinton C ; Crozier C ; ","Nitrogen Delivery from Legume Cover Crops in No-Till Organic Corn Production",2011,"Journal","Article","10.2134/agronj2011.0007","USA (Northern States)",35.76,-79.019000000000005,"Destruction Method","Termination Timing","Cfa/Cfb","Hairy Vetch, Common Vetch, Crimson Clover, Winter Pea, Berseem Clover, Balansa Clover, Mixture, Alfalfa, Blue Lupine","Roller-crimped","mid-April, early May and mid-May","Roller-crimped","Corn response to CC mulches was significantly affected by time of rolling, with poor stands resulting from competition with insufficiently terminated mulches.","DM Only","Roller-crimper","Timing","Total biomass; N conc.; C/N ratios","NA","Organic","Manipulative",1,"CI","Plot","Hairy vetch and crimson clover had greatest overall biomass in 2009, and bicultures in 2010. Crimson clover successfully terminated in late April, hairy vetch and austrian winter pea in mid-May and berseem clover and common vetch in late May. ","Ideal termination timing species specific","NA"]
["Pittman KB ; Cahoon CW ; Bamber KW ; Rector LS ; Flessner ML ; ","Herbicide selection to terminate grass, legume, and brassica cover crop species",2020,"Journal","Article","10.1017/wet.2019.107","USA (Northern States)",36.432000000000002,-78.656999999999996,"Destruction Method","Termination","Cfa/Cfb","Crimson Clover, Hairy Vetch, Winter Pea, Oilseed Rape","Herbicide","NA","Herbicide","NA","DM Only","Glyphosate","NA","Termination efficiency","NA","Not described","Manipulative",1,"CI","Field","Results revealed grass cover crop species were controlled (94% to 98%) by glyphosate alone 4 weeks after application. Legume species varied in response to single active-ingredient treatments, and control increased with the addition of glyphosate and paraquat. Mixes with glyphosate provided better control of crimson clover and hairy vetch by 7% and 8% compared to mixes containing paraquat 4 WAA. Mix partner did not influence control of Austrian winter pea. No treatmeant adequately controlled rapeseed in this study, max 58% single active-ingredient and 65% with mixes.","Growers should consider herbicide selection and termination timing in the cover crop plan to ensure effetive termination.","NA"]
["Podolsky K ; Blackshaw RE ; Entz MH ; ","A Comparison of Reduced Tillage Implements for Organic Wheat Production in Western Canada",2016,"Journal","Article","10.2134/agronj2016.01.0032","Canada",56.13,-106.34699999999999,"Destruction Method","Termination","Cfa/Cfb","Barley, Peas","Flail Mowing, Undercutting, Blade roller","NA","Tillage","Reduce tillage resulted in some delay in spring wheat development","DM vs Control","Blade roller; flail mower; under-cutter cultivator","Standard tillage","Weeds; N dynamics and growth and yield of Wheat","NA","Not described","Monitoring",1,"CI","Field","Reduced tillage resulted in some depression of soil temperatures the following spring. Undercutting sometimes resulted in better perennial weed control than blade rolling. Blade roll plus late-season tillage treatment improved perennial weed control but provides less residue for soil protection. Flail mowing resulted in more rapide cover crop biomass mulch decomposition, allowing weeds to establish. ","Future studies should test combinations of alternative tillage and crop termination approaches aimed at specific weed and nutrient challenges","NA"]
["Poffenbarger Hanna ; ","Ruminant Grazing of Cover Crops: Effects on Soil Properties and Agricultural Production",2010,"Journal","Review","https://doi.org/10.4195/jnrlse.2010.0003se","Multiple Countries","NA","NA","Destruction Method","Grazing","NA","Not Mentioned","Grazing","NA","NA","NA","DM Only","Grazing","NA","Soil properties; Agricultural production","NA","Not described","Review","NA","Review","Global","Grazing cover crops generally led to increased bulk density, especially in no-till systems. Negative effects on penetration resistence and aggregate stability were more prominent under conventional tillage. Deleterious effects were most severe when grazing implemented at high intensity and on wet soils. Microbial biomass C higher under grazed as was N content, but only in conventional systems. Generally, did not effect crop yield. ","Generally grazing CC did not negatively affect primary crop yields, provided nutritious forage for cattle and reduced feed costs","NA"]
["Raper RL ; Simionescu PA ; Kornecki TS ; Price AJ ; Reeves DW ; ","Reducing vibration while maintaining efficacy of rollers to terminate cover crops",2004,"Journal","Article",null,"NA","NA","NA","Destruction Method","Termination","NA","Not Mentioned","Rolling","NA","Multiple DM comparison","NA","DM vs DM","Alternative roller blades","Standard roller blade","Vibration reduction & CC Kill efficiency","NA","Not described","Monitoring","NA","CI","Plot","Results showed that a sprial blade system or a short-staggered straight blade system significantly reduced vibration as compared to the standard long-straight blade system. Both were also found to kill the cover crop as effectively as the long-straight blade system.","These two alternative blade systems were found to kill the CC as effectively as long-straight blade system whilst reducing vibration","NA"]
["Romdhane S ; Spor A ; Busset H ; Falchetto L ; Martin J ; Bizouard F ; Bru D ; Breuil MC ; Philippot L ; Cordeau S ; ","Cover Crop Management Practices Rather Than Composition of Cover Crop Mixtures Affect Bacterial Communities in No-Till Agroecosystems",2019,"Journal","Article","10.3389/fmicb.2019.01618","NA","NA","NA","Destruction Method","CC Management","NA","Mixture","Frost, Rolling, Herbicide","NA","Multiple DM comparison","NA","DM vs DM","DM","DM","SOM; Bacterial communities","NA","Not described","Monitoring","NA","CI","Field","Total N and SOC were higher when cover crops were killed by frost compared to rolling and glyphosate termination treatments, while CC biomass positively correlated to soil carbon and C:N ratio. ","Understanding how CC management shapes soil physico-chemical properties and bacterial communities is of importance to help selecting optimized agricultural practices for sustainable farming systems.","NA"]
["Rosario-Lebron A ; Leslie AW ; Yurchak VL ; Chen GH ; Hooks CRR ; ","Can winter cover crop termination practices impact weed suppression, soil moisture, and yield in no-till soybean [<i>Glycine max</i> (L.) Merr.]?",2019,"Journal","Article","10.1016/j.cropro.2018.10.020","USA (Northern States)",39.045999999999999,-76.641000000000005,"Destruction Method","Termination","Cfa/Cfb","Barley","Herbicide, Flail Mowing","Early & Late","Herbicide, Mowing","NA","DM vs Control","Herbicide; Flail mower","Fallow/ bare ground ","Weed suppression; Soil moisture; Yield","NA","Not described","Monitoring",2,"CI","Field","Terminating barley late or just prior to soybean planting resulted in significantly greater barley biomass accumulation. Early kill treatment had highest weed pressure. Increase biomass in late kill treatments did not result in greater weed suppresion compared to bare ground. Method and timing of termination had no significant effect on soil moisture and yield. ","Results suggest that mechanically terminating a cover crop can be as effective as using herbicide for managing weeds in subsequent crop. Delaying termination just prior to planting can result in reduced weed pressure.","NA"]
["Rouge A ; Adeux G ; Busset H ; Hugard R ; Martin J ; Matejicek A ; Moreau D ; Guillemin JP ; Cordeau S ; ","Carry-over effects of cover crops on weeds and crop productivity in no-till systems",2023,"Journal","Article","10.1016/j.fcr.2023.108899","France",46.228000000000002,2.214,"Destruction Method","Carry over effects","Temperate","Not Mentioned","Rolling, Herbicide, Frost","NA","Multiple DM comparison","Following crop productivity affect by interactions with CC and environmental conditions","DM Only","CC management","Bare soil","Weeds & Crop productivity","NA","Not described","Manipulative",2,"CI","Field","In experiment 1 CC management different to control mainly showed beneficial carry-over effects (i.e. lower weed biomass and higher crop productivity) in sub-sequent spring barley, no effect on winter linseed. In experiment 2, alternatives mainly showed no effects or detrimental carry-over effects in spring barley whilst having some positive effects in winter linseed.","Results highlight complex interactions between CC management and environmental conditions on carry-over effects of CC in subsequent crops. ","NA"]
["Ryan MR ; Rose TJ ; Wayman S ; Pelzer CJ ; Menalled UD ; ","Rolled-crimped cover crops for organic no-till planted winter wheat (<i>Triticum aestivum</i>) in the Northeast region of the United States",2024,"Journal","Article","10.1002/agg2.70015","USA (Northern States)",42.73,-76.650000000000006,"Destruction Method","Termination","Cfa/Cfb","Sudan Grass, Buckwheat, Soya, Multiple Crops","Roller-crimped","NA","Multiple DM comparison","NA","DM vs Control","Roller-crimper","NO CC","CC and Weed biomass","NA","Organic","Monitoring",1,"CI","Field","Sorghum sudangrass produce most CC biomass and lowest weed biomass at wheat planting & harvest. Buckwheat and soybean had highest wheat yields, but no treatments yielded more than no CC control/","Results show roller-crimped CC can facilitate organic no-till wheat production, but more research required.","NA"]
["Shirtliffe SJ ; Johnson EN ; ","Progress towards no-till organic weed control in western Canada",2012,"Journal","Article","10.1017/S1742170511000500","Canada",52.94,-106.45099999999999,"Destruction Method","Termination","NA","Faba Bean, Peas","Mowing, Roller-crimped","NA","Multiple DM comparison","NA","DM vs DM","Roller-crimper","Mowing","Weed suppression","NA","Organic","Monitoring","NA","CI","Field","Early termination with roller-crimper or mowing resulted in less weed growth compared with tillage. ","Alternative tillage viable option in organic systems","NA"]
["Smith AN ; Reberg-Horton C ; Place GT ; Meijer AD ; Arellano C ; Mueller JP ; ","Rolled Rye Mulch for Weed Suppression in Organic No-Tillage Soybeans",2011,"Journal","Article","10.1614/WS-D-10-00112.1","USA (Northern States)",35.383000000000003,-77.995000000000005,"Destruction Method","Termination","NA","Winter Rye","Roller-crimped, Flail Mowing","NA","Multiple DM comparison","NA","DM vs DM","DM","DM","Weed suppression","NA","Not described","Monitoring",2,"CI","Field","Roller-crimper and flail-mowed treatments had similar weed suppression.","Alternative practices similar weed suppression abilities when mulching","NA"]
["Storr T ; Simmons RW ; Hannam JA ; ","The use of cover crops in the UK: a survey.",2017,"Journal","Article","http://www.aab.org.uk/","UK",55.378,3.4359999999999999,"Destruction Method","Method use","Temperate","Not Mentioned","Herbicide","NA","No DM Control","NA","DM Only","NA","NA","Method use","NA","Not described","NA","NA","None","National","81% of participants in the survey used herbicide to terminate the CC.","NA","NA"]
["Storr T ; Simmons RW ; Hannam JA ; ","Using frost-sensitive cover crops for timely nitrogen mineralization and soil moisture management",2021,"Journal","Article","10.1111/sum.12619","UK",55.378,3.4359999999999999,"Destruction Method","Termination","Temperate","Mixture","Frost","NA","Frost","NA","DM vs Control","Frost-killed","Control","N dynamics; Soil moisture","NA","Not described","Monitoring","NA","CI","Field","Upon CC senescence due to cold temperatures, the partially terminated CC significantly increase topsoil available N from Decemeber to late February. CC did not have a prolonged effect on soil moisture. Maize yields were not significantly different. Frost-sensitive CC species could not be reliably terminated under a temperate climate.","Frost-sensitive CC may not be reliably terminated.","NA"]
["Sunuwar S ; Siller A ; Glaze-Corcoran S ; Hashemi M ; ","Cover Crop Termination Method and N Fertilization Effects on Sweet Corn Yield, Quality, N Uptake, and Weed Pressure",2023,"Journal","Article","10.3390/nitrogen4010005","NA","NA","NA","Destruction Method","Termination & Termination Timing","NA","Winter Rye, Legumes","Not Mentioned","NA","NA","NA","NA","NA","NA","N dynamics; Yield; Weed pressure","NA","Not described","Manipulative",1,"CI","Field","CC termination method did not affect sweet corn response to fertiliser. Residues do not greatly affect N dynamics. Incorporation could be for weed control, environmental impacts and soil health.","NA","NA"]
["Teasdale JR ; Rosecrance RC ; ","Mechanical versus herbicidal strategies for killing a hairy vetch cover crop and controlling weeds in minimum-tillage corn production",2003,"Journal","Article","10.1079/AJAA200240","NA","NA","NA","Destruction Method","Termination","NA","Hairy Vetch","Herbicide, Flail Mowing, Roll-chopping, Disking","NA","Multiple DM comparison","NA","DM vs DM","Flail mower; Corn stalk chopper, light disk, heavy disk","Herbicide","Termination efficiency & weed suppression","NA","Not described","Monitoring","NA","CI","Field","Mechanical treatments that kept residue on soil surface (mower, stalk chopper and light disk) killed hairy vetch when it was flowering, but not when vegetative. Herbicide controlled annual broadleaved weeds. Pre-plant mechanical treatments followed by cultivation did not control weeds as well as herbicide, but were below the threshold. Stalk chopper and light disk reduced weeds compared to heavy disk. ","Mechanical effective at killing CC when used at right time. Can control weeds below threshold too.","NA"]
["Teasdale JR ; Mirsky SB ; ","Tillage and Planting Date Effects on Weed Dormancy, Emergence, and Early Growth in Organic Corn",2015,"Journal","Article","10.1614/WS-D-14-00112.1","USA (Northern States)",39.045999999999999,-76.641000000000005,"Destruction Method","Termination","Cfa/Cfb","Hairy Vetch","Disking, Rolling","NA","Multiple DM comparison","NA","DM vs DM","DM","DM","Weed suppression","NA","Organic","Monitoring",1,"CI","Field","Common ragweed emergence was lowest and dormancy was highest of the three species across all planting dates. Giant foxtail emergence was higher than the other species in roll-killed hairy vetch and included a significant number of seeds that germinated before rolling operations in late June. Smooth pigweed had the highest emergence and lowest dormancy in disk-killed hairy vetch in June. Individual giant foxtail plant weight was higher in roll-killed than disk-killed hairy vetch in 2 of 3 yr, whereas that of smooth pigweed plants was higher in disk-killed than roll-killed vetch in 2 of 3 yr. Giant foxtail was the dominant species in roll-killed hairy vetch (averaged 79% of total weed biomass at corn silking), probably because of early germination and establishment before rolling operations. Smooth pigweed was the dominant species in disk-killed hairy vetch at June planting dates (averaged 77% of total weed biomass), probably because of high growth rates under warm conditions in tilled soil.","Research demonstrates that cover crop management practices and the timing of planting operations can shift the dominant species of weed communities in organic farming systems","NA"]
["Trolove MR ; James TK ; Wynne-Jones BH ; Henderson HV ; Gerard PJ ; ","Winter cover crops to reduce herbicide inputs into spring-planted maize pastoral systems in New Zealand",2024,"Journal","Article","10.1080/00288233.2023.2193413","New Zealand",-37.619,175.26900000000001,"Destruction Method","Reduce Herbicide","Temperate","Gland Clover, Faba Bean, Oat, Perennial Ryegrass","Herbicide","NA","NA","NA","DM Only","CC","No CC Fallow","Weed suppression","NA","Not described","Monitoring",5,"CI","Field","Results demonstrate herbicide treatments can be reduced to one application to terminate winter CC. Build up of CC residue over time affected establishment of small-seeded CC.","Can reduce herbicide appliactions for CC","NA"]
["van Schooten Herman ; ","Destroying catch crops in silage maize cultivation mechanically and with glyphosate: effect on mineral soil nitrogen in the first part of the growing season.",2024,"Journal","Article","10.18174/654955","Netherlands",52.429000000000002,6.5019999999999998,"Destruction Method","Termination","Temperate","Perennial Ryegrass","Disking, Rototilling, Herbicide","Early March and Early April","Multiple DM comparison","NA","DM vs DM","Mechanical","Chemical","N dynamics","Sandy Soil","Not described","Monitoring",2,"CI","Field","No significant differences in amount of mineral soil N between treatments or N uptake by maize. Early destruction improved the amounts of mineral soil N compared to late destruction.","Mechanical destruction can keep similar N dynamics to chemical. With early destruction being better than late destruction.","NA"]
["Vaughan Jeffrey D; Evanylo Gregory K; ","Corn Response to Cover Crop Species, Spring Desiccation Time, and Residue Management",1998,"Journal","Article","https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj1998.00021962009000040016x","NA","NA","NA","Destruction Method","Termination & Termination Timing","NA","Winter Rye, Hairy Vetch, Mixture","Chemical, Mowing, Disking","3 weeks before or several days before cash crop","Multiple DM comparison","NA","DM vs DM","Mowed; Mowed and Disked","No further treatment from chemical","N dynamics","NA","Not described","Monitoring",1,"CI","Field","All CC increased biomass accumulation, but only hairy vetch increase in N content between desiccation times. CC N availability was more important for corn yield potential than CC soil moisture conservation. Yields were higher following hairy vetch than following rye or rye + hairy vetch due to greater N availability from the hairy vetch residue. Hairy vetch dessication time did not influence above factors, but rye should be dessicated several weeks before corn planting.","Mowing may be an alternative CC management technique that enhances synchrony of CC N release.","NA"]
["Verret V ; Emonet E ; Sagot L ; Mischler P ; Gautier D ; Levavasseur F ; ","Agronomic impacts of sheep grazing on cover crops and winter cereals",2022,"Journal","Article",null,"France",49,2,"Destruction Method","Grazing","Temperate","Not Mentioned","Grazing","NA","NA","NA","DM Only","Grazing","NA","Agronomic impacts","NA","Not described","Monitoring","NA","CI","Field","Grazing CC did not penalise following spring crop. Compared to mechanical CC termination, abundance of slugs is reduced by 60%. Mineral N in the soil increases by 6 kg N/ha when sowing the spring crop. Soil structure and C storage are marginally degraded. ","Grazing is a viable option for CC termination.","NA"]
["Wagger M G; ","Time of Desiccation Effects on Plant Composition and Subsequent Nitrogen Release from Several Winter Annual Cover Crops",1989,"Journal","Article","https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj1989.00021962008100020020x","NA","NA","NA","Destruction Method","Termination Timing","NA","Winter Rye, Crimson Clover, Hairy Vetch","Chemical","Early & Late","NA","NA","DM Only","Herbicide","NA","Plant composition & N release","NA","Not described","Monitoring",2,"CI","Field","Averaged over 2 yr late dessication treatment resulted in increase in CC dry matter of 39, 41 and 61% for rye, crimson clover and hairy vetch, respectively. Corresponding increase in total N cotent of the respective CCs were 14, 23 and 41%. In general, order of N realease was hairy vetch > crimson clover > rye. CC desiccated early decomposed faster. ","NA","NA"]
["Wallace JM ; Mazzone T ; Larson Z ; ","Cereal rye residue management tactics influence interrow and intrarow weed recruitment dynamics in field corn when planting green",2023,"Journal","Article","10.1017/wet.2023.56","NA","NA","NA","Destruction Method","Termination","NA","Winter Rye","Roller-crimped, Herbicide","Early & Late","Roller-crimped, Herbicide","NA","DM Only","Roller-crimper, Roller-crimper w/ row cleaners, herbicide","NA","Weed dynamics","NA","Not described","Monitoring",2,"CI","Field","In 2020, planting green with an integrated roll-crimper/row cleaner system resulted in greater intrarow weed density compared with planting green into standing cereal rye. Interrow weed density was lower when roll-crimping was employed compared to early termination (14 DPP). In 2021, few differences in weed recruitment patterns were observed, but corn population and yield were significantly lower in planting green treatments compared to early termination. In both years, late-season weed biomass was lower in two-pass POST programs compared to one-pass PRE programs.","Results suggest that optimising herbicide timing application should consider intrarow and onterrow weed recruitment dynamics associated with CC management tactices to optimise performance.","NA"]
["Wayman S ; Cogger C ; Benedict C ; Burke I ; Collins D ; Bary A ; ","The influence of cover crop variety, termination timing and termination method on mulch, weed cover and soil nitrate in reduced-tillage organic systems",2015,"Journal","Article","10.1017/S1742170514000246","USA (Northern States)",48.734000000000002,-122.48699999999999,"Destruction Method","Termination & Termination Timing","Cfa/Cfb","Cereals, Legumes, Mixture","Roller-crimped","Early & Late","Roller-crimped","NA","DM Only","Roller-crimper, unspecified DM","NA","Mulch, weed cover & soil N","NA","Organic","Monitoring",2,"CI","Field","Cover crop biomass ranged between 3 and 9 Mg ha(-1) and was not influenced by termination time; the greatest production was from three varieties of grain. Rye varieties were more effectively terminated with a roller-crimper than barley. Mean soil nitrate-N levels ranged from 1.9 to 18 mg kg(-1) and were the greatest with vetches. Post-termination weed cover was greater in 2013 than in 2012 and the cover crop variety influenced weed cover at the Late termination time only.","The results indicate that CC biomass & termination timing are important factors influencing weed cover & termination effectiveness.","NA"]
["Yang XM ; Reynolds WD ; Drury CF ; Reeb MA ; ","Impacts of summer-seeded legume cover crops and termination-tillage method on nitrogen availability to corn in rotation",2023,"Journal","Article","10.3389/fsoil.2022.1082940","Canada",51.253999999999998,-85.322999999999993,"Destruction Method","Termination","Cfa/Cfb","Hairy Vetch, Red Clover, White Clover, Crimson Clover","Plow-cultivate, Herbicide, Tillage","NA","Multiple DM comparison","Poor corn stands after no-tillage, red clover and white plus crimson clover.","DM vs Control","Moldboard plow-down, herbicide, tillage, unspecified DM","No CC control","N availability","Clay loam soil","Not described","Monitoring",3,"CI","Field","Averaged over 3 years, above-ground biomass N level followed the pattern: hairy vetch > white clover plus crimson clover mix > red clover for fall plow-down termination. There were no significant differences in cover crop biomass N levels for spring termination. Corn response to cover crop was significantly affected by termination-tillage method. Fall plow-down termination provided a range in N credit of 80-85 kg N ha(-1), which was significantly greater than the N credit under herbicide spray-down in spring.","Cash crop response to CC was significantly affected by termination-tillage method.","Very little information on most effective methods for terminating summer-seeded CC"]
["Zinati GM ; Seidel R ; Grantham A ; Moyer J ; Ackroyd VJ ; Mirsky SB ; ","High-Residue Cultivation Timing Impact on Organic No-Till Soybean Weed Management",2017,"Journal","Article","10.1017/wet.2016.24","NA","NA","NA","Destruction Method","Termination Timing","NA","Winter Rye","Roller-crimped","Early, Intermediate or Late","Timing comparison","NA","DM Only","Termination timing","No cultivation control","Weed management","NA","Organic","Monitoring",3,"CI","Field","There was no significant effect of cultivation timing on soybean population when compared to no-cultivation or hand-weeded treatments. While cultivation reduced weed biomass by 67% compared to no-cultivation, soybean yield was only improved by 12% in early and late cultivation treatments and 22% in intermediate cultivation treatment when compared to no-cultivation.","Optimal timing of cultivation should be delayed several weeks in organic CC based no-till production to ensure both weed control and optimal yield.","NA"]

{"sheet":"working sheet ","index":2,"n_rows":71,"n_cols":30,"rows_kept":71,"cut":false,"hidden":true,"merged":[]}
["Author","Title","Pub.Date","Pub.Type","Ref.Type","DOI","Location","Lat","Long","Article.topic","Sub-topic","Climate Zone","Cover Crop","Destruction Method","Destruction Method Timing","Comparator","Following Crop Establishment","Treatment.cat","Treatment(s)","Control","Measured.outcome","Soil Type","Farm.Sys","Study Design","Study Period (Years)","Replication","Scale","Author reported effect","Measured.outcome description","Notes"]
["Acharya J ; Bakker MG ; Moorman TB ; Kaspar TC ; Lenssen AW ; Robertson AE ;","Time Interval Between Cover Crop Termination and Planting Influences Corn Seedling Disease, Plant Growth, and Yield",2017,"Journal","Article","10.1094/PDIS-07-16-0975-RE","USA (Northern States)",40.704000000000001,-89.578999999999994,"Destruction Method","Time interval","Dfa","Winter Rye","Not Mentioned","25 days before planting corn to 2 days after planting","Timing comparison","Shorter intervals reduced corn emergence","DM Only","Termination intervals","NA","Plant growth","NA","Not described","Monitoring",2,"CI","Field","A 10- to 14- dat interval between rye termination and corn planting should be followed to imrpove emergence and yield.","10-14 days before corn sowing termination","NA"]
["Askew MC ; Cahoon CW ; Flessner ML ; VanGessel MJ ; Langston DB ; Ferebee JH ;","Chemical termination of cover crop rapeseed",2019,"Journal","Article","10.1017/wet.2019.50","USA (Northern States)","NA","NA","Destruction Method","Chemical termination","Cfa/Cfb","Oilseed Rape","Chemical","Early & Late","No DM Control","NA","DM Only","14 herbicides","NA","Terminating efficiency","NA","Not described","Manipulative",1,"CI","Plot","glyphosate + 2,4-D was most effective, controlling rapeseed 96% 28 d after early termination (DAET). Paraquat + atrazine + mesotrione (92%), glyphosate + saflufenacil (91%), glyphosate + dicamba (91%), and glyphosate (86%) all provided at least 80% control 28 DAET. Paraquat + 2,4-D (85%), glyphosate + 2,4-D (82%), and paraquat + atrazine + mesotrione (81%) were the only treatments that provided at least 80% control 28 d after late termination (DALT)","No Herbicide treatment >80% on early or late termination","Herbicide temination best when plant is small"]
["Blanco H; Lal R","Grazing and Harvesting",2021,"Journal","Book - Chapter","https://doi.org/10.1002/9780891186403.ch13","NA","NA","NA","Destruction Method","Termination","NA","Not Mentioned","Grazing","NA","Grazing","NA","DM Only","Grazing","NA","Soil ecosytem serviecs","NA","Not described","Review","NA","Review","Global","Research indicates grazing does not generally reduce subsequent crop yields. Site-specific factors that can affect impacts on soil properties include CC biomass removal, stocking rate, years under grazing and soil water content.","Grazing CC could be viable to farming systems","NA"]
["Blanco-Canqui H ; Wilke K ; Holman J ; Creech CF ; Obour AK ; Anderson L ;","Grazing cover crops: How does it influence soils and crops?",2023,"Journal","Review","10.1002/agj2.21475","Multiple Countries","NA","NA","Destruction Method","Grazing influence","NA","Multiple Crops","Grazing","NA","NA","NA","DM Only","Grazing","NA","CC biomass removed; Soil properties; Following crop yield","NA","Not described","Review","NA","Review","Global","18-92% CC biomass removed; Increase soil bulk density & penetration resistance (54% cases); small & mixed effects on soil C conc. Wet aggregate stability, water infiltration, water retention & soil microbial biomass; Did not affect following crop yield (61% of cases).","NA","NA"]
["Bloszies SA ; Reberg-Horton SC ; Heitman JL ; Woodley AL ; Grossman JM ; Hu SJ ;","Impact of Rye Cover Crop Termination Timing on Cover Crop Biomass, Weed Suppression and Corn Yield",2023,"Journal","Article",null,"USA (Northern States)",35.78,-78.638000000000005,"Biomass Breakdown","Termination Timing","Cfa/Cfb","Winter Rye","Chemical","Early (2-4 weeks); Late (3-7 days); Post-planting (0-3 days)","Timing comparison","NA","DM vs DM","Glyphosate (3 different timings)","No CC Fallow","CC biomass","NA","Not described","Monitoring",2,"CI","Plot","Post-planting termination had the highest CC biomass accumulation, whereas early termination had the lowest CC biomass in both years.","Post planting termination = highest CC biomass","NA"]
["Böldt M ; Taube F ; Vogeler I ; Reinsch T ; Kluss C ; Loges R ;","Evaluating Different Catch Crop Strategies for Closing the Nitrogen Cycle in Cropping Systems-Field Experiments and Modelling",2021,"Journal","Article","10.3390/su13010394","Germany",55.03,8.24,"Destruction Method","Frost termination","Temperate","Not Mentioned","Frost","NA","No DM Control","NA","DM Only","Frost-killed","Frost tolerant","Leaching","NA","Not described","Monitoring",2,"CI","Field","All CC reduced N leaching, but risk of increased leaching following mineralisation of residues from frost-killed CC.","Increase N leaching risk from frost-killed","NA"]
["Brackenridge HL ; Bae J ; Simard MJ ; Tardif FJ ; Bosveld K ; Nurse RE ;","Investigation of management practices to optimize cereal rye cover crop-based weed mitigation in Canadian sweet corn production",2024,"Journal","Article","10.1017/wet.2024.19","Canada","NA","NA","Destruction Method","Rye cultivars","Multiple","Winter Rye","Roller-crimped","NA","No DM Control","NA","DM vs Control","Early maturity Rye","Standard maturity Rye","Weed control","NA","Not described","Manipulative",3,"CI","Field","Overall, the cultivars tested (and seeding rates), roller-crimped rye is not a suitable stand-along weed control option for sweet corn production.","Roller-crimped not suitable weed control","NA"]
["Brackenridge HL ; Tardif FJ ; Bosveld K ; Nurse RE ;","The effects of roller crimping direction for termination of fall sown cereal rye (<i> Secale</i> cereale L.)",2024,"Journal","Article","10.1139/cjps-2023-0184","Canada","NA","NA","Destruction Method","Roller crimping direction","Multiple","Winter Rye","Roller-crimped","NA","No DM Control","NA","DM vs Control","DM orientation","No Rye control","Terminating efficiency","NA","Not described","Manipulative",2,"CI","Plot","Roller crimping direction did not have a consistent effect on rye mortality or number of upright tillers.","Roller-crimping direction no effect on termination","NA"]
["Breland TA ; ","Phytotoxic effects of fresh and decomposing cover crop residues.",1996,"Journal","Article",null,"Norway",60.472000000000001,8.4689999999999994,"Destruction Method","Phyotoxic effects","Temperate","Italian Ryegrass, White Clover","Chemical, Rototilling","NA","No DM Control","Ryegrass terminated by spring rotary tillage reduced germination","DM vs Control, DM vs DM","Autumn rotary tillage, autumn ploughing, no tillage with herbicide, spring rotary tillage","No CC","Germination","NA","Not described","Monitoring",1,"CI","Field","Ryegrass incorporated by spring rotary tillage reduced radish germination by 45%. Other treatments little to no effect.  ","Rototilling reduced radish germination","NA"]
["Carrera LM ; Abdul-Baki AA ; Teasdale JR ; ","Cover crop management and weed suppression in no-tillage sweet corn production",2004,"Journal","Article","10.21273/HORTSCI.39.6.1262","USA (Northern States)",39.034999999999997,76.908000000000001,"Destruction Method","Termination","Cfa/Cfb","Hairy Vetch, Winter Rye, Mixtures","Mowing, Rolling, Chemical","NA","Multiple DM comparison","23% reduction in sweet corn plant population in rye-vetch mix compared to bare soil","DM vs DM, DM vs Control","Mowing, Rolling and Hebicide (paraquet)","Bare Soil","Following crop yield","NA","Not described","Monitoring",2,"CI","Field","No significant effects of kill method or interactions between kill method and CC on yield. CC also reduced weed biomass compared to bare soil.","All methods as effective as each other","NA"]
["Clark AJ ; Decker AM ; Meisinger JJ ; McIntosh MS ; ","Kill date of vetch, rye, and a vetch-rye mixture .2. Soil moisture and corn yield",1997,"Journal","Article","10.2134/agronj1997.00021962008900030011x","USA (Northern States)",39.045999999999999,-76.641000000000005,"Destruction Method","Termination Timing","Cfb","Hairy Vetch, Winter Rye, Mixture","Not Mentioned","Early April, Late April or Mid-May","Timing comparison","NA","DM vs Control","Early, Mid and Late Kill","No CC","Following crop yield; Soil moisture","NA","Not described","Manipulative",2,"CI","Field","Late April or early May kill dates consistently resulted in greater corn yield than earlier kill dates, probably due to differences in N availability and moisture conservation. Cover crops killed late did not deplete surface soil moisture.","Mid to late kill improved yield; Late kill did not improve soil moisture","NA"]
["Clark Andrew J; Decker A Morris; Meisinger John J; ","Seeding Rate and Kill Date Effects on Hairy Vetch-Cereal Rye Cover Crop Mixtures for Corn Production",1994,"Journal","Article","https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj1994.00021962008600060025x","USA (Northern States)",39.045999999999999,-76.641000000000005,"Destruction Method","Termination Timing","Cfb","Hairy Vetch, Winter Rye","Not Mentioned","Early & Late","No DM Control","NA","DM vs Control","Early Kill and Late Kill","No CC","Following crop yield; N content","NA","Not described","Manipulative",1,"CI","Field","Corn grain yields were significantly higher following late-killed covers (160% Piedmont, 83% Coastal Plain). Highest yield following vetch, rye lowest, mixtures inbetween. ","Late termination increased following crop yield and N content","NA"]
["Clark Andrew J; Decker A Morris; Meisinger John J; Mulford F Ronald; McIntosh Marla S; ","Hairy Vetch Kill Date Effects on Soil Water and Corn Production",1995,"Journal","Article","https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj1995.00021962008700030031x","USA (Northern States)",39.045999999999999,-76.641000000000005,"Destruction Method","Termination Timing","Cfb","Hairy Vetch","Not Mentioned","Early April, Late April or Mid-May","Timing comparison","NA","DM Only","Early, Mid and Late Kill","Timing","Following crop yield; Soil water","NA","Not described","Manipulative",1,"CI","Field","Optimal N production and water conservation occurred when vetch was killed late April. Early kill vetch sacrificed N production and minimised soil water conservation, resulting in reduced corn yields. Late kill did not add significant N benefits, but could deplete soil water or interfere with timely corn planting","Mid kill optimum for N production & water conservation","NA"]
["Clark Andrew J; Decker Alvin M; Meisinger John J; McIntosh Marla S; ","Kill Date of Vetch, Rye, and a Vetch–Rye Mixture: I. Cover Crop and Corn Nitrogen",1997,"Journal","Article","https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj1997.00021962008900030010x","USA (Northern States)",39.045999999999999,-76.641000000000005,"Destruction Method","Termination Timing","Cfb","Hairy Vetch, Winter Rye, Mixture","Not Mentioned","Early April, Late April or Mid-May","Timing comparison","NA","DM vs Control","Early, Mid and Late Kill","No CC","Corn N Content","NA","Not described","Manipulative",2,"CI","Field","This demonstrates that cover crop species and kill date can be managed to conserve N with rye, supply N for the next crop with vetch, or provide both N conservation and N supply with a vetch-rye mixture","Late termination increase CC bomass and N content","Mixture best at N conservation & supply"]
["Constantin J ; Le Bas C ; Justes E ; ","Large-scale assessment of optimal emergence and destruction dates for cover crops to reduce nitrate leaching in temperate conditions using the STICS soil-crop model",2015,"Journal","Article","10.1016/j.eja.2015.06.002","France",46.228000000000002,2.214,"Destruction Method","Termination Timing","Cfb","Mustard, Ryegrass, Common Vetch","Not Mentioned","Range (simulation)","Timing comparison","NA","DM vs Control","Termination timing","No CC","Optimal destruction dates","NA","Not described","Simulation",20,"Simulation","National","Optimal destruction dates frequently between October and Decemeber","Autumn destruction dates optimal","NA"]
["Coombs C ; Lauzon JD ; Deen B ; Van Eerd LL ; ","Legume cover crop management on nitrogen dynamics and yield in grain corn systems",2017,"Journal","Article","10.1016/j.fcr.2016.11.001","Canada",56.13,-106.34699999999999,"Destruction Method","Termination Timing","Temperate","Red Clover, Crimson Clover, Alfalfa","Not Mentioned","Fall and Spring termination","Timing comparison","NA","DM vs Control","Termination timing","No CC","Following crop yield; N dynamics","NA","Not described","Manipulative",2,"CI","Field","Red clover or alfalfa sown at 6.7 kg ha(-1) with spring termination is recommended to maximize N availability to subsequent corn crop. These observed effects were related to aboveground cover crop growth of alfalfa >= redclover > > crimson clover but only alfalfa and red clover had a positive impact on corn yield in one of two years.","Spring termination maximises N availability; Alfalfa & Red Clover positive impact on following crop yield","Cost analysis associated with legume cover crop needed"]
["Creamer NG ; Dabney SM ;","Killing cover crops mechanically: review of recent literature and assessment of new research results.",2002,"Journal","Review",null,"Multiple Countries","NA","NA","Destruction Method, Weed Burden","Mechanical destruction methods","NA","Multiple Crops","Mowing, Rolling, Roll-chopping, Undercutting, Rototilling","NA","Multiple DM comparison","NA","DM Only, DM vs DM","Mowing, Rolling, Roll-chopping, Undercutting and partial rototilling","Other DM Methods","Killing level and reoccurance","NA","Not described","Review","NA","Review","Global","Rye/vetch cover crop = 100% by mowing; >90% roll-chopping; summer cover crop: undercutting = >95% kill for 5/6 broadleaf speces and 2/5 grass species, 6/6; Mowing = 6/6 broadleaf but regrowth occurred in 3/5 grass species; Rolling = not effective against most species with the exception of nearly mature German foxtail millet, mature Japanses millet and mature buckwheat","NA","NA"]
["Creamer NG ; Plassman B ; Bennett MA ; Wood RK ; Stinner BR ; Cardina J ; ","A method for mechanically killing cover crops to optimize weed suppression.",1995,"Journal","Article","10.1017/S0889189300006408","NA","NA","NA","Destruction Method","Undercutter","NA","Winter Rye, Hairy Vetch, Crimson Clover, Barley, Bigflower Vetch, Subterranean Clover","Flail Mowing, Sicklebar Mowing, Undercutting","NA","Multiple DM comparison","NA","DM vs Control","Flail Mowing, Sicklebar Mowing, Undercutting","Clean tilled","Weed suppression","NA","Not described","Monitoring","NA","CI","Plot","There were no differences in dry weights of broadleaved weeds between the undercut and simulated sicklebar mowed treatments, both of which had less weed biomass than the clean-tilled or flail-mowed plots.","Undercut and sicklebar mowed had greater weed supporession","Chemical killing not compared"]
["Dhakal M ; Rui YC ; Benson AR ; Hinson PO ; Delate K ; Afshar RK ; Luck B ; Smith A ; ","Cover crop management strategies affect weeds and profitability of organic no-till soybean",2024,"Journal","Article","10.1017/S1742170523000522","USA (Northern States)",40.517000000000003,-75.777000000000001,"Destruction Method, Weed Burden","Termination","Cfa/Cfb","Winter Rye","Roller-crimped, Rolling, Mowing, Plow-cultivate","NA","Multiple DM comparison","NA","DM vs Control","Roller-crimper, Roller, Mow-ted","Tilled","Cover crop regrowth; Weed biomass; Following crop yield","NA","Organic","Manipulative",3,"CI","Plot","In one year September Rye planting accumulated more CC biomass than October planting, but regrowth of rye after roller-crimping was greater with this planting date. CC planting date showed varied affects on soybean yield. Roller and roller-crimper effect in terminating CCs. Roller outperformed roll-crimper in effectively terminating CC, whilst roller-crimper had more uniform weed suppression. ","Terminating cereal rye with roller-crimping technology can be positive investment in an organic soybean system; Rye had greater regrowth in September planting when terminated by roller-crimper","NA"]
["Dorn B ; Stadler M ; van der Heijden M ; Streit B ; ","Regulation of cover crops and weeds using a roll-chopper for herbicide reduction in no-tillage winter wheat",2013,"Journal","Article","10.1016/j.still.2013.07.014","Switzerland",46.817999999999998,8.2279999999999998,"Destruction Method","Termination","Temperate","Oilseed Radish, White Mustard, Blue Lupine, Common Vetch, Oat, Buckwheat, Phacelia, Mixture, Amaranth","Roll-chopping","NA","Herbicide","NA","DM vs Control","Roll-chopper","Chemical","Soil coverage of weeds","NA","Not described","Monitoring",2,"CI","Field","First year of study soil coverage of weeds was about 60x lower in glyphosate compared to roll-chopper, second year 9x. Roll-chopping cover crops as stand alone regulation to reduce weeds would not be sufficient.","Roll-chopping as stand alone regulation tool for weed suppression not sufficient. As part of integrated strategies could play a roll","NA"]
["Eivazi F ; Pinero J ; Dolan-Timpe M ; Doggett W ; ","Comparison of cover crop termination methods for small-scale organic vegetable production: effect on soil fertility and health",2024,"Journal","Article","10.1080/01904167.2024.2308196","NA","NA","NA","Destruction Method","Termination","NA","Mixture","Roller-crimped, Flail Mowing, Sicklebar Mowing, Rotary Mowing, Occultation using black tarp","NA","Multiple DM comparison","NA","DM vs DM","DM","DM","Soil fetility & health","NA","Not described","Manipulative",3,"CI","Field","Flail mowing significantly enhanced potentially mineralisable N, available P and active C. Total Phospholipid Fatty Acid anaylsis showed a 24% increased for flai mowed, 17% rotary mower & 15% sickle bar mowed. Active C content 38.9% rotary mowed, 225.4% sickle bar mowed, 23.5% flail mowed, 16.4% crimper rolled & 2.8% occultation.","Flail mowing appreaed to be a good method for managing CC in terms of soil microbial functionalty and fertility","Fall-grown CC"]
["Franzluebbers AJ ; Stuedemann JA ; ","Does grazing of cover crops impact biologically active soil carbon and nitrogen fractions under inversion or no tillage management?",2015,"Journal","Article","10.2489/jswc.70.6.365","NA","NA","NA","Destruction Method","Termination","NA","Not Mentioned","Grazing","NA","No DM Control","NA","DM vs Control","Grazing","No Grazing","Soil organic matter","NA","Not described","Monitoring",7,"CI","Field","Soil microbial C was unaffected by CC management under conventional tillage, but was enhanced with grazing compared with no grazing under no tillage. ","Grazing as CC management good in no-till systems","NA"]
["Frasconi C ; Martelloni L ; Antichi D ; Raffaelli M ; Fontanelli M ; Peruzzi A ; Benincasa P ; Tosti G ; ","Combining roller crimpers and flaming for the termination of cover crops in herbicide-free no-till cropping systems",2019,"Journal","Article","10.1371/journal.pone.0211573","NA","NA","NA","Destruction Method","Termination","NA","Winter Pea, Barley","Roller-crimped, Flaming","NA","Multiple DM comparison","NA","DM vs DM","Roller-crimper with Flamin","Roller-crimper only","Percentage green cover of CC","NA","Conventional","Monitoring","NA","CI","Field","Irrespective of roller type, flaming significantly boosted effect of roller crimpers. Economic threshold for CC suppression of 85% was reached only when rollers used in combination with flaming. No methods reached 100% suppression.  ","Flaming can be used as effective tool to improve effectiveness of roller crimpers.","High operational cost; Fall-sown CC"]
["Grand A ; Blankenhorn B ; Surböck A ; Gollner G ; ","The roller-crimper method: regenerative organic no-till from a practitioners’ perspective.",2019,"Journal","Article",null,"Austria",47.515999999999998,14.55,"Destruction Method","Termination","Temperate","Not Mentioned","Roller-crimped","NA","Roller-crimped","NA","DM Only","Roller-crimper","NA","DM Demonstration","NA","Not described","Monitoring","NA","None","Field","Key advantages: reduced machinery, fossil energy and labor required (2 instead of 8-9 field passes), potential C sequestration. Better soil-structure and soil aggregate stability enables higher water infiltration rate. Even if yield in roller-crimper treatment was lower, reduced workload compensated for yield loss.","Roller-crimper beneficial with no-till systems","NA"]
["Hefner M ; Canali S ; Willekens K ; Lootens P ; Deltour P ; Beeckman A ; Arlotti D ; Tamm K ; Bender I ; Labouriau R ; Kristensen HL ; ","Termination method and time of agro-ecological service crops influence soil mineral nitrogen, cabbage yield and root growth across five locations in Northern and Western Europe",2020,"Journal","Article","10.1016/j.eja.2020.126144","Estonia, Denmark, Belgium","NA","NA","Destruction Method","Termination & Termination Timing","Temperate","Peas, Mixture, Cereal","Roller-crimped","NA","Roller-crimped","NA","DM vs Control","Roller-crimper","Full Incorportation & Bare soil","Following crop yield; N content; Crop root growth","NA","Not described","Monitoring",2,"CI","Field","Overall, cabbage yields were reduced by 68-100% under RC compared to BS and FI and reduced soil mineral N. ","RC had yields reductions in first and second year from spring tillage","NA"]
["Hefner M ; Gebremikael MT ; Canali S ; Serra FXS ; Petersen KK ; Sorensen JN ; De Neve S ; Labouriau R ; Kristensen HL ; ","Cover crop composition mediates the constraints and benefits of roller-crimping and incorporation in organic white cabbage production",2020,"Journal","Article","10.1016/j.agee.2020.106908","Denmark",56.264000000000003,9.5020000000000007,"Destruction Method","Termination","Temperate","Faba Bean, Winter Rye, Hairy Vetch","Roller-crimped, Mowing","NA","Roller-crimped","Roller-crimping reduced white cabbage biomass by 31% & 19%","DM vs DM","Roller-crimper w/ no-till","Full incorporation by tillage of Mowed CC","Following crop yield","Sandy Loam","Organic","Monitoring",2,"CI","Field","Cabbage yield was 100% (2016) and 24% (2017) lower under RC than FI. White cabbage root growth was reduced by RC following pea/rye. RC still had the advantage of reducing weed growth by 63% compared with FI and decreasing N leaching risk. Marketable yield was 35% higher following legumes compared to legume/rye in both temination systems. ","Although RC showed benefits of weed suppression and reducing N leaching risk, trade-off with yield losses could create barrier","Pure legume mix would be better"]
["Herremans S ; Régibeau C ; De Toffoli M ; Jamar D ; Daniaux C ; Huyghebaert B ;","Impacts of catch crops grazed by sheep: a review",2021,"Journal","Review",null,"Multiple Countries","NA","NA","Destruction Method","Grazing influence","NA","Multiple Crops","Grazing","NA","NA","Little to no effect on the following crop","DM Only","Grazing","NA","Impacts on agronomic system","NA","Not described","Review","NA","Review","Global","Positive effects on health and growth of grazing animals. Soil compaction sometimes observed. Little to no effect on following crop and the environment. Beneficial from an economic view point. Aspects linked to cover crop destruction or to the stimulation of soil microorganisms still need some more research.","NA","NA"]
["Keene CL ; Curran WS ; Wallace JM ; Ryan MR ; Mirsky SB ; VanGessel MJ ; Barbercheck ME ; ","Cover Crop Termination Timing is Critical in Organic Rotational No-Till Systems",2017,"Journal","Article","10.2134/agronj2016.05.0266","USA (Northern States)","NA","NA","Destruction Method, Weed Burden","Termination Timing","Cfa/Cfb","Hairy Vetch, Triticale, Winter Rye","Roller-crimped","Early, Intermediate or Late","Roller-crimped","NA","DM Only","Roller-crimper","Timing","CC biomass & regrowth","NA","Organic","Monitoring","NA","CI","Regional","All CC biomass production exceeded 5000 kg ha-1 by late termination. Hairy vetch regrowth/ volunteer in subsequent crops were lower in late compared to early termination. Cereal rye biomass increased as termination was delayed, optimal termination intermediate. Rolling cereal tye early results in tillering and seed productioon whereas late allowed kernals to mature. ","Minimising CC seed production with strategic termination is critical in rotational no-till","NA"]
["Kim N ; Zabaloy MC ; Guan KY ; Villamil MB ;","Do cover crops benefit soil microbiome? A meta-analysis of current research",2020,"Journal","Meta-analysis","10.1016/j.soilbio.2019.107701","Multiple Countries","NA","NA","Destruction Method","Termination","NA","Multiple Crops","Chemical","NA","NA","NA","DM vs Control","Chemical termination","NA","Soil microbiome","NA","Not described","Review","NA","Review","Global","CC effects were less pronounced under conditions like chemical cover crop termination. ","CC effects lessened by chemical killing","NA"]
["Kornecki TS ; ","Powered roller/crimper for walk-behind tractors to terminate cover crops in conservation agriculture.",2012,"Journal","Article",null,"NA","NA","NA","Destruction Method","Termination","NA","Winter Rye","Roller-crimped","NA","Roller-crimped","NA","DM Only","Powered roller-crimper","NA","Termination rates","NA","Conservation","Monitoring",2,"CI","Field","Average termination rate over two growing seasons were 78%, 87.4% and 96.2% for 7, 14 and 21 days after rolling. ","Rye successfully terminated by powered roller/crimper","NA"]
["Kumar V ; Singh V ; Flessner M ; Reiter MS ; Kuhar T ; Mirsky S ; ","Volunteer rapeseed infestation and management in corn",2023,"Journal","Article","10.1002/agj2.21476","NA","NA","NA","Destruction Method, Weed Burden","Termination Timing","NA","Oilseed Rape","Roller-crimped, Herbicide","28, 15, 5 and 1 days before planting Corn","Timing comparison","NA","DM Only","Roller-crimper, herbicide","Timing","Biomass production, termination efficiency and volunteer infestation","NA","Not described","Manipulative","NA","CI","Field","Delaying termination from 28 days to 14, 5 or 1 increase rapeseed biomass by 85%, 148% and 158% respectively. Rapeseed termination efficiency was greatest at 28 DBP (99%), followed by 14 (92%) and 5 (89%) with combined roller crimper and herbicide. Roller crimper alone only 56% termination efficiency. Zero volunteers at 28DBP, but 5, 12 and 22 m2 for 14, 5 and 1DBP respectively.","Ineffective or delayed termination of rapesee can result in volunteer infestation in successive crops, increased biomass accumulation. Roller-crimper alone is not effective for rapessed termination. However, selected pre- and post-emergence herbicides can be.","NA"]
["Kumar V ; Singh V ; Flessner ML ; Haymaker J ; Reiter MS ; Mirsky SB ; ","Cover crop termination options and application of remote sensing for evaluating termination efficiency",2023,"Journal","Article","10.1371/journal.pone.0284529","NA","NA","NA","Destruction Method","Termination","NA","Winter Rye, Hairy Vetch, Oilseed Rape, Wheat","Herbicide, Roller-crimped","NA","Multiple DM comparison","NA","DM vs DM","Multiple Herbicides, Roller-crimper","NA","Terminating efficiency","NA","Not described","Monitoring","NA","CI","Plot","Among herbicides used, glyphosate, glyphosate+. Glifosinate, paraquat and paraquat + metribuzin provided more than 95% termination for both wheat and cereal rye 28 days after treatment. For hairy vetch, 2,4-d + glufosinate and glyphosate + glufosinate results in 99 and 98% followed by 2,4-D + glyphosate 92%. No herbicide provide more than 90% termination or rapeseed, highest control by paraquat (85%), 2,4-D + glufosinate (85%) and 2,4-D + glyphosate (85%). Roller-crimping alone did not provide effective termination of any CC 41, 61, 49 and 43% (wheat, cereal rye, hairy vetch, rapessed).","Study highlighted the need for tankmixing 2,4-D or glufosinate with glyphosate for temination instead of blanker application of glyphosate alone","NA"]
["Labreuche J ; Bodilis AM ; ","Sensitivity of cover crops to frost and to mechanical destruction methods.",2010,"Journal","Article",null,"France",48.335000000000001,2.371,"Destruction Method","Termination","Temperate","Not Mentioned","Frost, Rolling","NA","NA","NA","DM Only","Rolling/ Frost","NA","Termination sensitivity","NA","Not described","Monitoring","NA","None","Field","Experimental network showed different sensitivities of CC species to frost. With some species, the more developed the CC the more sensitive to destruction by frost. Rolling somes species by negative temperatures is efficient, especially on species relatively sensitive to frost.","Frost as a killing method can be effective crop dependent","NA"]
["Liebman AM ; Grossman J ; Brown M ; Wells MS ; Reberg-Horton SC ; Shi W ; ","Legume Cover Crops and Tillage Impact Nitrogen Dynamics in Organic Corn Production",2018,"Journal","Article","10.2134/agronj2017.08.0474","NA","NA","NA","Destruction Method","Termination","NA","Winter Pea, Hairy Vetch, Balansa Clover, Crimson Clover","Roller-crimped, Flail Mowing, Disking, Herbicide","NA","Multiple DM comparison","NA","DM vs DM","DM","DM","CC biomass, N dynamics","NA","Not described","Manipulative","NA","CI","Field","N available for winter pea and hairy vetch across temination methods. Disked hairy vetch contributed highest levels of N across all 16 cropping by termination combinations. ","CC species selection more impotant than termination method for N dynamics","Winter CC"]
["Marshall CB ; Lynch DH ; ","No-Till Green Manure Termination Influences Soil Organic Carbon Distribution and Dynamics",2018,"Journal","Article","10.2134/agronj2018.01.0063","Canada",45.365000000000002,-63.277000000000001,"Destruction Method","Termination","Cfa/Cfb","Hairy Vetch, Oat","Rolling, Tillage","Spring and Fall tillage","Multiple DM comparison","NA","DM vs DM","DM","DM","SOC dynamics","NA","Not described","Monitoring",3,"CI","Field","SOC monited for 3 year after termination. Total OC greater under no-till crop roller termination compared to fall and spring termination and significant for 3 years after. Overall SOC higher under no-till green manure termination.","No-till crop roller effective for C dynamics","NA"]
["McKenzie SC ; Goosey HB ; O'Neill KM ; Menalled FD ; ","Impact of integrated sheep grazing for cover crop termination on weed and ground beetle (Coleoptera:Carabidae) communities",2016,"Journal","Article","10.1016/j.agee.2015.11.018","NA","NA","NA","Destruction Method","Termination","NA","Buckwheat, Sweet Clover, Peas, Beets","Grazing, Mowing","NA","Multiple DM comparison","NA","DM vs DM","Grazing","Mowing","Weed and Carabid density","NA","Not described","Monitoring","NA","CI","Plot","Overall weed diversity, species richness and biomass did not differ between grazed and mowed plots or in cash crop following termination. Carabid diversity, species richness and activity density did not differ between grazed and mowed plots. ","Results suggest that grazing and mowing act as similar ecological filters for weeds and carabids","NA"]
["McKenzie SC ; Goosey HB ; O'Neill KM ; Menalled FD ; ","Integration of sheep grazing for cover crop termination into market gardens: Agronomic consequences of an ecologically based management strategy",2017,"Journal","Article","10.1017/S1742170516000326","NA","NA","NA","Destruction Method","Termination","NA","Buckwheat, Sweet Clover, Peas, Beets","Grazing, Mowing","NA","Multiple DM comparison","NA","DM vs DM","Grazing","Mowing","Soil quality indicators, termination efficiency","NA","Not described","Manipulative",3,"CI","Plot","Compared with mowing, grazing did not affect soil chemistry, temperature or moisture. Grazing removed more CC biomass than mowing at termination. ","Integrating sheep grazing into market vegetable garden operations could make CC more economically viable","NA"]
["Meyer N ; Bergez JE ; Justes E ; Constantin J ; ","Influence of cover crop on water and nitrogen balances and cash crop yield in a temperate climate: A modelling approach using the STICS soil-crop model",2022,"Journal","Article","10.1016/j.eja.2021.126416","France",43.612000000000002,3.8769999999999998,"Destruction Method","Termination Timing","Temperate","Not Mentioned","Not Mentioned","Early & Late","Timing comparison","NA","NA","Termination timing","Timing","Water and N balances and crop yield","NA","Not described","Simulation",25,"Simulation","National","While cover crops decreased N leaching, they decreased drainage and could induce N stress in succeeding crop, particularly in dry regions. Adapting termination date to local climate could decrease of avoid negative effects.","NA","NA"]
["Mirsky SB ; Curran WS ; Mortensen DM ; Ryan MR ; Shumway DL ; ","Timing of Cover-Crop Management Effects on Weed Suppression in No-Till Planted Soybean using a Roller-Crimper",2011,"Journal","Article","10.1614/WS-D-10-00101.1","NA","NA","NA","Destruction Method","Termination & Termination Timing","NA","Winter Rye, Mixture","Herbicide, Roller-crimped","Early & Late","Timing comparison","NA","NA","Termination timing","Timing","Weed suppression","NA","Not described","Monitoring","NA","CI","Field","Delaying CC termination reduced weed density.","NA","NA"]
["Mischler RA ; Curran WS ; Duiker SW ; Hyde JA ; ","Use of a Rolled-rye Cover Crop for Weed Suppression in No-Till Soybeans",2010,"Journal","Article","10.2134/agronj2009.0183","USA (Northern States)",41.203000000000003,-77.194999999999993,"Destruction Method","Termination Timing","Cfa/Cfb","Hairy Vetch","Roller-crimped","Four dates between late May and late June","Timing comparison","NA","DM vs Control","Roller-crimper","No CC","CC control, weed density","NA","Organic","Monitoring","NA","CI","Plot","Hairy vetch control with roller-crimper varied through flowering stage and was consistent afer early pod set. Reduced weed density by at least 50%. Total weed biomass reduced 31, 93 and 94% in different site-years compared to no-cover plots. ","Study shows possible to kill hairy vetch with roller-crimper and provide weed control for organic corn but with production risks","NA"]
["Navarro-Miró David ; Blanco-Moreno José M; Ciaccia Corrado ; Testani Elena ; Iocola Ileana ; Depalo Laura ; Burgio Giovanni ; Kristensen Hanne Lakkenborg ; Hefner Margita ; Tamm Kalvi ; Bender Ingrid ; Persiani Alessandro ; Diacono Mariangela ; Montemurro Francesco ; Willekens Koen ; Védie Hélène ; Bavec Martina ; Robačer Martina ; Arlotti Donatienne ; Deltour Pauline ; De Neve Stefaan ; Gebremikael Mesfin Tsegaye; Chamorro Lourdes ; Caballero-López Berta ; Pérez-Ferrer Alejandro ; Canali Stefano ; Sans Francesc Xavier; ","The concurrent assessment of agronomic, ecological and environmental variables enables better choice of agroecological service crop termination management",2022,"Journal","Article","https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2664.14112","Multiple Countries","NA","NA","Destruction Method","Termination","NA","Not Mentioned","Roller-crimped, Tillage","NA","Roller-crimped","NA","DM vs Control","Roller-crimper","Tillage","Agronomic, ecological and environmental","NA","Not described","Monitoring",2,"CI","Field","No-till roller crimper can enhance activity density of ground and rove beetles and improves potential energy recylcing and weed control. However, lower cash crop yield and quality.","No-till roller crimping promising for agronomic performance, reducing environmental and ecological impacts. ","Need agronomic and enviromental improvements"]
["Nord EA ; Curran WS ; Mortensen DA ; Mirsky SB ; Jones BP ; ","Integrating Multiple Tactics for Managing Weeds in High Residue No-Till Soybean",2011,"Journal","Article","10.2134/agronj2011.0024","NA","NA","NA","Destruction Method","Termination Timing","NA","Winter Rye","Rolling","Two dates in fall and five in spring","Herbicide, Rolling","Soybean stand establishment impacted by high CC biomass and changing edaphic conditions at planting","DM Only","Herbicide; Roller-crimper","Timing","CC biomass","NA","Not described","Monitoring",1,"CI","Field","Spring termination more strongly affected cereal rye biomass. Further research should focus on improved technology for direct seeding in high residue environments.","Spring termination more strongly affected CC biomass","NA"]
["Nord EA ; Ryan MR ; Curran WS ; Mortensen DA ; Mirsky SB ; ","Effects of Management Type and Timing on Weed Suppression in Soybean No-Till Planted into Rolled-Crimped Cereal Rye",2012,"Journal","Article","10.1614/WS-D-12-00024.1","NA","NA","NA","Destruction Method","Termination Timing","NA","Winter Rye","Roller-crimped, Herbicide","Early & Late","Herbicide, Rolling","NA","DM Only","Herbicide; Roller-crimper","Timing","Weed biomass","NA","Organic","Monitoring",1,"CI","Field","Supplemental control with glyphosate in Roller-crimper and herbicide resulted in less weed biomass and a more even community composition than roller-crimper alone. Earlier management reduced weed biomass in roller-crimper alone but increase weed biomass in roller-crimper with herbicide. ","Early termination reduced weed biomass in roller-crimper and increased in herbicide with roller-crimper","NA"]
["Olofsson F ; Ernfors M ; ","Frost killed cover crops induced high emissions of nitrous oxide",2022,"Journal","Article","10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155634","Sweden",60.128,18.643999999999998,"Destruction Method","Termination","Temperate","Oilseed Radish, Phacelia, Oat","Frost","NA","Frost","NA","DM Only","Frost-killed","NA","Nitrous Oxide emissions","NA","Organic","Monitoring",1,"CI","Field","All three cover crops sensitive to frost. All increased nitrous oxide emissions relative to controls by 1.8, 0.7 and 0.6 kg N2O-N ha-1 for oilseed radish, phacelia and oats. ","All three crops can be frost killed but release more NO2","NA"]
["Parr M ; Grossman JM ; Reberg-Horton SC ; Brinton C ; Crozier C ; ","Nitrogen Delivery from Legume Cover Crops in No-Till Organic Corn Production",2011,"Journal","Article","10.2134/agronj2011.0007","USA (Northern States)",35.76,-79.019000000000005,"Destruction Method","Termination Timing","Cfa/Cfb","Hairy Vetch, Common Vetch, Crimson Clover, Winter Pea, Berseem Clover, Balansa Clover, Mixture, Alfalfa, Blue Lupine","Roller-crimped","mid-April, early May and mid-May","Roller-crimped","Corn response to CC mulches was significantly affected by time of rolling, with poor stands resulting from competition with insufficiently terminated mulches.","DM Only","Roller-crimper","Timing","Total biomass; N conc.; C/N ratios","NA","Organic","Manipulative",1,"CI","Plot","Hairy vetch and crimson clover had greatest overall biomass in 2009, and bicultures in 2010. Crimson clover successfully terminated in late April, hairy vetch and austrian winter pea in mid-May and berseem clover and common vetch in late May. ","Ideal termination timing species specific","NA"]
["Pittman KB ; Cahoon CW ; Bamber KW ; Rector LS ; Flessner ML ; ","Herbicide selection to terminate grass, legume, and brassica cover crop species",2020,"Journal","Article","10.1017/wet.2019.107","USA (Northern States)",36.432000000000002,-78.656999999999996,"Destruction Method","Termination","Cfa/Cfb","Crimson Clover, Hairy Vetch, Winter Pea, Oilseed Rape","Herbicide","NA","Herbicide","NA","DM Only","Glyphosate","NA","Termination efficiency","NA","Not described","Manipulative",1,"CI","Field","Results revealed grass cover crop species were controlled (94% to 98%) by glyphosate alone 4 weeks after application. Legume species varied in response to single active-ingredient treatments, and control increased with the addition of glyphosate and paraquat. Mixes with glyphosate provided better control of crimson clover and hairy vetch by 7% and 8% compared to mixes containing paraquat 4 WAA. Mix partner did not influence control of Austrian winter pea. No treatmeant adequately controlled rapeseed in this study, max 58% single active-ingredient and 65% with mixes.","Growers should consider herbicide selection and termination timing in the cover crop plan to ensure effetive termination.","NA"]
["Podolsky K ; Blackshaw RE ; Entz MH ; ","A Comparison of Reduced Tillage Implements for Organic Wheat Production in Western Canada",2016,"Journal","Article","10.2134/agronj2016.01.0032","Canada",56.13,-106.34699999999999,"Destruction Method","Termination","Cfa/Cfb","Barley, Peas","Flail Mowing, Undercutting, Blade roller","NA","Tillage","Reduce tillage resulted in some delay in spring wheat development","DM vs Control","Blade roller; flail mower; under-cutter cultivator","Standard tillage","Weeds; N dynamics and growth and yield of Wheat","NA","Not described","Monitoring",1,"CI","Field","Reduced tillage resulted in some depression of soil temperatures the following spring. Undercutting sometimes resulted in better perennial weed control than blade rolling. Blade roll plus late-season tillage treatment improved perennial weed control but provides less residue for soil protection. Flail mowing resulted in more rapide cover crop biomass mulch decomposition, allowing weeds to establish. ","Future studies should test combinations of alternative tillage and crop termination approaches aimed at specific weed and nutrient challenges","NA"]
["Poffenbarger Hanna ; ","Ruminant Grazing of Cover Crops: Effects on Soil Properties and Agricultural Production",2010,"Journal","Review","https://doi.org/10.4195/jnrlse.2010.0003se","Multiple Countries","NA","NA","Destruction Method","Grazing","NA","Not Mentioned","Grazing","NA","NA","NA","DM Only","Grazing","NA","Soil properties; Agricultural production","NA","Not described","Review","NA","Review","Global","Grazing cover crops generally led to increased bulk density, especially in no-till systems. Negative effects on penetration resistence and aggregate stability were more prominent under conventional tillage. Deleterious effects were most severe when grazing implemented at high intensity and on wet soils. Microbial biomass C higher under grazed as was N content, but only in conventional systems. Generally, did not effect crop yield. ","Generally grazing CC did not negatively affect primary crop yields, provided nutritious forage for cattle and reduced feed costs","NA"]
["Raper RL ; Simionescu PA ; Kornecki TS ; Price AJ ; Reeves DW ; ","Reducing vibration while maintaining efficacy of rollers to terminate cover crops",2004,"Journal","Article",null,"NA","NA","NA","Destruction Method","Termination","NA","Not Mentioned","Rolling","NA","Multiple DM comparison","NA","DM vs DM","Alternative roller blades","Standard roller blade","Vibration reduction & CC Kill efficiency","NA","Not described","Monitoring","NA","CI","Plot","Results showed that a sprial blade system or a short-staggered straight blade system significantly reduced vibration as compared to the standard long-straight blade system. Both were also found to kill the cover crop as effectively as the long-straight blade system.","These two alternative blade systems were found to kill the CC as effectively as long-straight blade system whilst reducing vibration","NA"]
["Romdhane S ; Spor A ; Busset H ; Falchetto L ; Martin J ; Bizouard F ; Bru D ; Breuil MC ; Philippot L ; Cordeau S ; ","Cover Crop Management Practices Rather Than Composition of Cover Crop Mixtures Affect Bacterial Communities in No-Till Agroecosystems",2019,"Journal","Article","10.3389/fmicb.2019.01618","NA","NA","NA","Destruction Method","CC Management","NA","Mixture","Frost, Rolling, Herbicide","NA","Multiple DM comparison","NA","DM vs DM","DM","DM","SOM; Bacterial communities","NA","Not described","Monitoring","NA","CI","Field","Total N and SOC were higher when cover crops were killed by frost compared to rolling and glyphosate termination treatments, while CC biomass positively correlated to soil carbon and C:N ratio. ","Understanding how CC management shapes soil physico-chemical properties and bacterial communities is of importance to help selecting optimized agricultural practices for sustainable farming systems.","NA"]
["Rosario-Lebron A ; Leslie AW ; Yurchak VL ; Chen GH ; Hooks CRR ; ","Can winter cover crop termination practices impact weed suppression, soil moisture, and yield in no-till soybean [<i>Glycine max</i> (L.) Merr.]?",2019,"Journal","Article","10.1016/j.cropro.2018.10.020","USA (Northern States)",39.045999999999999,-76.641000000000005,"Destruction Method","Termination","Cfa/Cfb","Barley","Herbicide, Flail Mowing","Early & Late","Herbicide, Mowing","NA","DM vs Control","Herbicide; Flail mower","Fallow/ bare ground ","Weed suppression; Soil moisture; Yield","NA","Not described","Monitoring",2,"CI","Field","Terminating barley late or just prior to soybean planting resulted in significantly greater barley biomass accumulation. Early kill treatment had highest weed pressure. Increase biomass in late kill treatments did not result in greater weed suppresion compared to bare ground. Method and timing of termination had no significant effect on soil moisture and yield. ","Results suggest that mechanically terminating a cover crop can be as effective as using herbicide for managing weeds in subsequent crop. Delaying termination just prior to planting can result in reduced weed pressure.","NA"]
["Rouge A ; Adeux G ; Busset H ; Hugard R ; Martin J ; Matejicek A ; Moreau D ; Guillemin JP ; Cordeau S ; ","Carry-over effects of cover crops on weeds and crop productivity in no-till systems",2023,"Journal","Article","10.1016/j.fcr.2023.108899","France",46.228000000000002,2.214,"Destruction Method","Carry over effects","Temperate","Not Mentioned","Rolling, Herbicide, Frost","NA","Multiple DM comparison","Following crop productivity affect by interactions with CC and environmental conditions","DM Only","CC management","Bare soil","Weeds & Crop productivity","NA","Not described","Manipulative",2,"CI","Field","In experiment 1 CC management different to control mainly showed beneficial carry-over effects (i.e. lower weed biomass and higher crop productivity) in sub-sequent spring barley, no effect on winter linseed. In experiment 2, alternatives mainly showed no effects or detrimental carry-over effects in spring barley whilst having some positive effects in winter linseed.","Results highlight complex interactions between CC management and environmental conditions on carry-over effects of CC in subsequent crops. ","NA"]
["Ryan MR ; Rose TJ ; Wayman S ; Pelzer CJ ; Menalled UD ; ","Rolled-crimped cover crops for organic no-till planted winter wheat (<i>Triticum aestivum</i>) in the Northeast region of the United States",2024,"Journal","Article","10.1002/agg2.70015","USA (Northern States)",42.73,-76.650000000000006,"Destruction Method","Termination","Cfa/Cfb","Sudan Grass, Buckwheat, Soya, Multiple Crops","Roller-crimped","NA","Multiple DM comparison","NA","DM vs Control","Roller-crimper","NO CC","CC and Weed biomass","NA","Organic","Monitoring",1,"CI","Field","Sorghum sudangrass produce most CC biomass and lowest weed biomass at wheat planting & harvest. Buckwheat and soybean had highest wheat yields, but no treatments yielded more than no CC control/","Results show roller-crimped CC can facilitate organic no-till wheat production, but more research required.","NA"]
["Shirtliffe SJ ; Johnson EN ; ","Progress towards no-till organic weed control in western Canada",2012,"Journal","Article","10.1017/S1742170511000500","Canada",52.94,-106.45099999999999,"Destruction Method","Termination","NA","Faba Bean, Peas","Mowing, Roller-crimped","NA","Multiple DM comparison","NA","DM vs DM","Roller-crimper","Mowing","Weed suppression","NA","Organic","Monitoring","NA","CI","Field","Early termination with roller-crimper or mowing resulted in less weed growth compared with tillage. ","Alternative tillage viable option in organic systems","NA"]
["Smith AN ; Reberg-Horton C ; Place GT ; Meijer AD ; Arellano C ; Mueller JP ; ","Rolled Rye Mulch for Weed Suppression in Organic No-Tillage Soybeans",2011,"Journal","Article","10.1614/WS-D-10-00112.1","USA (Northern States)",35.383000000000003,-77.995000000000005,"Destruction Method","Termination","NA","Winter Rye","Roller-crimped, Flail Mowing","NA","Multiple DM comparison","NA","DM vs DM","DM","DM","Weed suppression","NA","Not described","Monitoring",2,"CI","Field","Roller-crimper and flail-mowed treatments had similar weed suppression.","Alternative practices similar weed suppression abilities when mulching","NA"]
["Storr T ; Simmons RW ; Hannam JA ; ","The use of cover crops in the UK: a survey.",2018,"Journal","Article","http://www.aab.org.uk/","UK",55.378,3.4359999999999999,"Destruction Method","Method use","Temperate","Not Mentioned","Herbicide","NA","No DM Control","NA","DM Only","NA","NA","Method use","NA","Not described","NA","NA","None","National","81% of participants in the survey used herbicide to terminate the CC.","NA","NA"]
["Storr T ; Simmons RW ; Hannam JA ; ","Using frost-sensitive cover crops for timely nitrogen mineralization and soil moisture management",2021,"Journal","Article","10.1111/sum.12619","UK",55.378,3.4359999999999999,"Destruction Method","Termination","Temperate","Mixture","Frost","NA","Frost","NA","DM vs Control","Frost-killed","Control","N dynamics; Soil moisture","NA","Not described","Monitoring","NA","CI","Field","Upon CC senescence due to cold temperatures, the partially terminated CC significantly increase topsoil available N from Decemeber to late February. CC did not have a prolonged effect on soil moisture. Maize yields were not significantly different. Frost-sensitive CC species could not be reliably terminated under a temperate climate.","Frost-sensitive CC may not be reliably terminated.","NA"]
["Sunuwar S ; Siller A ; Glaze-Corcoran S ; Hashemi M ; ","Cover Crop Termination Method and N Fertilization Effects on Sweet Corn Yield, Quality, N Uptake, and Weed Pressure",2023,"Journal","Article","10.3390/nitrogen4010005","NA","NA","NA","Destruction Method","Termination & Termination Timing","NA","Winter Rye, Legumes","Not Mentioned","NA","NA","NA","NA","NA","NA","N dynamics; Yield; Weed pressure","NA","Not described","Manipulative",1,"CI","Field","CC termination method did not affect sweet corn response to fertiliser. Residues do not greatly affect N dynamics. Incorporation could be for weed control, environmental impacts and soil health.","NA","NA"]
["Teasdale JR ; Mirsky SB ; ","Tillage and Planting Date Effects on Weed Dormancy, Emergence, and Early Growth in Organic Corn",2015,"Journal","Article","10.1614/WS-D-14-00112.1","USA (Northern States)",39.045999999999999,-76.641000000000005,"Destruction Method","Termination","Cfa/Cfb","Hairy Vetch","Disking, Rolling","NA","Multiple DM comparison","NA","DM vs DM","DM","DM","Weed suppression","NA","Organic","Monitoring",1,"CI","Field","Common ragweed emergence was lowest and dormancy was highest of the three species across all planting dates. Giant foxtail emergence was higher than the other species in roll-killed hairy vetch and included a significant number of seeds that germinated before rolling operations in late June. Smooth pigweed had the highest emergence and lowest dormancy in disk-killed hairy vetch in June. Individual giant foxtail plant weight was higher in roll-killed than disk-killed hairy vetch in 2 of 3 yr, whereas that of smooth pigweed plants was higher in disk-killed than roll-killed vetch in 2 of 3 yr. Giant foxtail was the dominant species in roll-killed hairy vetch (averaged 79% of total weed biomass at corn silking), probably because of early germination and establishment before rolling operations. Smooth pigweed was the dominant species in disk-killed hairy vetch at June planting dates (averaged 77% of total weed biomass), probably because of high growth rates under warm conditions in tilled soil.","Research demonstrates that cover crop management practices and the timing of planting operations can shift the dominant species of weed communities in organic farming systems","NA"]
["Teasdale JR ; Rosecrance RC ; ","Mechanical versus herbicidal strategies for killing a hairy vetch cover crop and controlling weeds in minimum-tillage corn production",2003,"Journal","Article","10.1079/AJAA200240","NA","NA","NA","Destruction Method","Termination","NA","Hairy Vetch","Herbicide, Flail Mowing, Roll-chopping, Disking","NA","Multiple DM comparison","NA","DM vs DM","Flail mower; Corn stalk chopper, light disk, heavy disk","Herbicide","Termination efficiency & weed suppression","NA","Not described","Monitoring","NA","CI","Field","Mechanical treatments that kept residue on soil surface (mower, stalk chopper and light disk) killed hairy vetch when it was flowering, but not when vegetative. Herbicide controlled annual broadleaved weeds. Pre-plant mechanical treatments followed by cultivation did not control weeds as well as herbicide, but were below the threshold. Stalk chopper and light disk reduced weeds compared to heavy disk. ","Mechanical effective at killing CC when used at right time. Can control weeds below threshold too.","NA"]
["Trolove MR ; James TK ; Wynne-Jones BH ; Henderson HV ; Gerard PJ ; ","Winter cover crops to reduce herbicide inputs into spring-planted maize pastoral systems in New Zealand",2024,"Journal","Article","10.1080/00288233.2023.2193413","New Zealand",-37.619,175.26900000000001,"Destruction Method","Reduce Herbicide","Temperate","Gland Clover, Faba Bean, Oat, Perennial Ryegrass","Herbicide","NA","NA","NA","DM Only","CC","No CC Fallow","Weed suppression","NA","Not described","Monitoring",5,"CI","Field","Results demonstrate herbicide treatments can be reduced to one application to terminate winter CC. Build up of CC residue over time affected establishment of small-seeded CC.","Can reduce herbicide appliactions for CC","NA"]
["Tully Katherine L; McAskill Cullen ;","Promoting soil health in organically managed systems: a review.",2020,"Journal","Review","10.1007/s13165-019-00275-1","Multiple Countries","NA","NA","Destruction Method","Termination","NA","Multiple Crops","Rolling, Disking","NA","Rolling, Disking","NA","DM vs DM","Roll-killed, Disking","NA","Weed suppression","NA","Organic","Review","NA","Review","Global","Roll-killed CC suppressed weeds better than disking","Weed suppression (roll-killed>disking)","NA"]
["van Schooten Herman ; ","Destroying catch crops in silage maize cultivation mechanically and with glyphosate: effect on mineral soil nitrogen in the first part of the growing season.",2024,"Journal","Article","10.18174/654955","Netherlands",52.429000000000002,6.5019999999999998,"Destruction Method","Termination","Temperate","Perennial Ryegrass","Disking, Rototilling, Herbicide","Early March and Early April","Multiple DM comparison","NA","DM vs DM","Mechanical","Chemical","N dynamics","Sandy Soil","Not described","Monitoring",2,"CI","Field","No significant differences in amount of mineral soil N between treatments or N uptake by maize. Early destruction improved the amounts of mineral soil N compared to late destruction.","Mechanical destruction can keep similar N dynamics to chemical. With early destruction being better than late destruction.","NA"]
["Vaughan Jeffrey D; Evanylo Gregory K; ","Corn Response to Cover Crop Species, Spring Desiccation Time, and Residue Management",1998,"Journal","Article","https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj1998.00021962009000040016x","NA","NA","NA","Destruction Method","Termination & Termination Timing","NA","Winter Rye, Hairy Vetch, Mixture","Chemical, Mowing, Disking","3 weeks before or several days before cash crop","Multiple DM comparison","NA","DM vs DM","Mowed; Mowed and Disked","No further treatment from chemical","N dynamics","NA","Not described","Monitoring",1,"CI","Field","All CC increased biomass accumulation, but only hairy vetch increase in N content between desiccation times. CC N availability was more important for corn yield potential than CC soil moisture conservation. Yields were higher following hairy vetch than following rye or rye + hairy vetch due to greater N availability from the hairy vetch residue. Hairy vetch dessication time did not influence above factors, but rye should be dessicated several weeks before corn planting.","Mowing may be an alternative CC management technique that enhances synchrony of CC N release.","NA"]
["Verret V ; Emonet E ; Sagot L ; Mischler P ; Gautier D ; Levavasseur F ; ","Agronomic impacts of sheep grazing on cover crops and winter cereals",2022,"Journal","Article",null,"France",49,2,"Destruction Method","Grazing","Temperate","Not Mentioned","Grazing","NA","NA","NA","DM Only","Grazing","NA","Agronomic impacts","NA","Not described","Monitoring","NA","CI","Field","Grazing CC did not penalise following spring crop. Compared to mechanical CC termination, abundance of slugs is reduced by 60%. Mineral N in the soil increases by 6 kg N/ha when sowing the spring crop. Soil structure and C storage are marginally degraded. ","Grazing is a viable option for CC termination.","NA"]
["Wagger M G; ","Time of Desiccation Effects on Plant Composition and Subsequent Nitrogen Release from Several Winter Annual Cover Crops",1989,"Journal","Article","https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj1989.00021962008100020020x","NA","NA","NA","Destruction Method","Termination Timing","NA","Winter Rye, Crimson Clover, Hairy Vetch","Chemical","Early & Late","NA","NA","DM Only","Herbicide","NA","Plant composition & N release","NA","Not described","Monitoring",2,"CI","Field","Averaged over 2 yr late dessication treatment resulted in increase in CC dry matter of 39, 41 and 61% for rye, crimson clover and hairy vetch, respectively. Corresponding increase in total N cotent of the respective CCs were 14, 23 and 41%. In general, order of N realease was hairy vetch > crimson clover > rye. CC desiccated early decomposed faster. ","NA","NA"]
["Wallace JM ; Mazzone T ; Larson Z ; ","Cereal rye residue management tactics influence interrow and intrarow weed recruitment dynamics in field corn when planting green",2023,"Journal","Article","10.1017/wet.2023.56","NA","NA","NA","Destruction Method","Termination","NA","Winter Rye","Roller-crimped, Herbicide","Early & Late","Roller-crimped, Herbicide","NA","DM Only","Roller-crimper, Roller-crimper w/ row cleaners, herbicide","NA","Weed dynamics","NA","Not described","Monitoring",2,"CI","Field","In 2020, planting green with an integrated roll-crimper/row cleaner system resulted in greater intrarow weed density compared with planting green into standing cereal rye. Interrow weed density was lower when roll-crimping was employed compared to early termination (14 DPP). In 2021, few differences in weed recruitment patterns were observed, but corn population and yield were significantly lower in planting green treatments compared to early termination. In both years, late-season weed biomass was lower in two-pass POST programs compared to one-pass PRE programs.","Results suggest that optimising herbicide timing application should consider intrarow and onterrow weed recruitment dynamics associated with CC management tactices to optimise performance.","NA"]
["Wayman S ; Cogger C ; Benedict C ; Burke I ; Collins D ; Bary A ; ","The influence of cover crop variety, termination timing and termination method on mulch, weed cover and soil nitrate in reduced-tillage organic systems",2015,"Journal","Article","10.1017/S1742170514000246","USA (Northern States)",48.734000000000002,-122.48699999999999,"Destruction Method","Termination & Termination Timing","Cfa/Cfb","Cereals, Legumes, Mixture","Roller-crimped","Early & Late","Roller-crimped","NA","DM Only","Roller-crimper, unspecified DM","NA","Mulch, weed cover & soil N","NA","Organic","Monitoring",2,"CI","Field","Cover crop biomass ranged between 3 and 9 Mg ha(-1) and was not influenced by termination time; the greatest production was from three varieties of grain. Rye varieties were more effectively terminated with a roller-crimper than barley. Mean soil nitrate-N levels ranged from 1.9 to 18 mg kg(-1) and were the greatest with vetches. Post-termination weed cover was greater in 2013 than in 2012 and the cover crop variety influenced weed cover at the Late termination time only.","The results indicate that CC biomass & termination timing are important factors influencing weed cover & termination effectiveness.","NA"]
["Yang XM ; Reynolds WD ; Drury CF ; Reeb MA ; ","Impacts of summer-seeded legume cover crops and termination-tillage method on nitrogen availability to corn in rotation",2023,"Journal","Article","10.3389/fsoil.2022.1082940","Canada",51.253999999999998,-85.322999999999993,"Destruction Method","Termination","Cfa/Cfb","Hairy Vetch, Red Clover, White Clover, Crimson Clover","Plow-cultivate, Herbicide, Tillage","NA","Multiple DM comparison","Poor corn stands after no-tillage, red clover and white plus crimson clover.","DM vs Control","Moldboard plow-down, herbicide, tillage, unspecified DM","No CC control","N availability","Clay loam soil","Not described","Monitoring",3,"CI","Field","Averaged over 3 years, above-ground biomass N level followed the pattern: hairy vetch > white clover plus crimson clover mix > red clover for fall plow-down termination. There were no significant differences in cover crop biomass N levels for spring termination. Corn response to cover crop was significantly affected by termination-tillage method. Fall plow-down termination provided a range in N credit of 80-85 kg N ha(-1), which was significantly greater than the N credit under herbicide spray-down in spring.","Cash crop response to CC was significantly affected by termination-tillage method.","Very little information on most effective methods for terminating summer-seeded CC"]
["Zinati GM ; Seidel R ; Grantham A ; Moyer J ; Ackroyd VJ ; Mirsky SB ; ","High-Residue Cultivation Timing Impact on Organic No-Till Soybean Weed Management",2017,"Journal","Article","10.1017/wet.2016.24","NA","NA","NA","Destruction Method","Termination Timing","NA","Winter Rye","Roller-crimped","Early, Intermediate or Late","Timing comparison","NA","DM Only","Termination timing","No cultivation control","Weed management","NA","Organic","Monitoring",3,"CI","Field","There was no significant effect of cultivation timing on soybean population when compared to no-cultivation or hand-weeded treatments. While cultivation reduced weed biomass by 67% compared to no-cultivation, soybean yield was only improved by 12% in early and late cultivation treatments and 22% in intermediate cultivation treatment when compared to no-cultivation.","Optimal timing of cultivation should be delayed several weeks in organic CC based no-till production to ensure both weed control and optimal yield.","NA"]

{"sheet":"Lists","index":3,"n_rows":52,"n_cols":12,"rows_kept":52,"cut":false,"hidden":false,"merged":[]}
["Pub.type","Ref.type","Location","Art.topic","Cover Crop","Destruction Method","Comparator","Treat.cat","Farm.sys","Study Design","Replication","Scale"]
["Journal","Article","Austria","Destruction Method","Alfalfa","Crimping","Crimping","DM vs DM","Conventional","Manipulative","BACI","Plot"]
["EU Project","Conference Paper","Belarus","Biomass Breakdown","Crown Vetch","Rolling","Rolling","DM vs Control","Organic","Correlative","BA","Field"]
["Policy Report/ Brief","Project Summary","Belgium","Weed Burden","Red Clover","Frost","Frost","DM Only","IPM","Monitoring","CI","Farm"]
["Report","Policy Brief","Canada","NA","Sweet Clover","Herbicide","Herbicide","NA","Conservation","Sampling","None","Catchment"]
[null,"Book - Chapter","Czechia",null,"White Clover","Grazing","Grazing",null,"Not described","NA","Simulation","Regional"]
[null,"Organisational Report","Denmark",null,"Clover","Mowing","Mowing",null,"NA","Simulation","Review","National"]
[null,"Review","Estonia",null,"Lucerne","Undercutting","Undercutting",null,null,"Review",null,"Global"]
[null,"Systematic Review","Finland",null,"Sainfoin","Rototilling","Rototilling"]
[null,"Meta-analysis","France",null,"Peas","Roll-chopping","Roll-chopping"]
[null,null,"Germany",null,"Beans","Chemical","Disking"]
[null,null,"Hungary",null,"Hairy Vetch","Disking","Roller-crimped"]
[null,null,"Ireland",null,"Common Vetch","Roller-crimped","Multiple DM comparison"]
[null,null,"Latvia",null,"Berseem Clover","Flail Mowing","No DM Control"]
[null,null,"Liechtenstein",null,"Crimson Clover","Sicklebar Mowing","Timing comparison"]
[null,null,"Lithuania",null,"Black Medic","Plow-cultivate","Tillage"]
[null,null,"Luxembourg",null,"Soya","Rotary Mowing","NA"]
[null,null,"Netherlands",null,"Winter Rye","Occultation using black tarp"]
[null,null,"New Zealand",null,"Black Oats","Flaming"]
[null,null,"USA (Northern States)",null,"Annual ryegrass","Tillage"]
[null,null,"Norway",null,"Perennial Ryegrass","Blade roller"]
[null,null,"Poland",null,"Sudan Grass","Not Mentioned"]
[null,null,"Romania",null,"White Mustard","NA"]
[null,null,"Slovakia",null,"Brown Mustard"]
[null,null,"Sweden",null,"Mustard"]
[null,null,"Switzerland",null,"Oat"]
[null,null,"UK",null,"Oilseed Radish"]
[null,null,"Ukraine",null,"Oilseed Rape"]
[null,null,"Multiple Countries",null,"Forage Rape"]
[null,null,"NA",null,"Fodder Radish"]
[null,null,null,null,"Buckwheat"]
[null,null,null,null,"Phacelia"]
[null,null,null,null,"Chicory"]
[null,null,null,null,"Linseed"]
[null,null,null,null,"Triticale"]
[null,null,null,null,"Blue Lupine"]
[null,null,null,null,"Amaranth"]
[null,null,null,null,"Winter Pea"]
[null,null,null,null,"Balansa Clover"]
[null,null,null,null,"Gland Clover"]
[null,null,null,null,"Beets"]
[null,null,null,null,"Barley"]
[null,null,null,null,"Wheat"]
[null,null,null,null,"Faba Bean"]
[null,null,null,null,"Brassica"]
[null,null,null,null,"Ryegrass"]
[null,null,null,null,"Legumes"]
[null,null,null,null,"Cereals"]
[null,null,null,null,"Mixture"]
[null,null,null,null,"Multiple Crops"]
[null,null,null,null,"Not Mentioned"]
[null,null,null,null,"NA"]